Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain Essay Example

Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain Essay Acupuncture as a nonconventional intervention for chronic cervix hurting Introduction IntroductionNeck hurting has been classified as one of the commonest jobs among the people. This status arises from assorted upsets or it may arise from tissues located at the cervix ( Hush. et Al. . ( 2009 ) . The cervix is besides known as a cervical spinal column. The cervixs construction is characterized by vertebrae which run from the upper trunk to the skull’s base. The stableness of the spinal column is associated to ligaments and musculuss that run along the vertebrae ( National Institutes of Health. ( 2013 ) . A neck’s chief importance is its mobility and the support it accords to the caput. It is prone to hurts because it is non offered much protection like the remainder of the spinal column. Injuries usually cause less and restricted mobility and triggers NAIP. Unfortunately neck hurting are non accorded earnestness. most people treat the cervix hurting as impermanent. There are alone instances where the symptoms do non travel off and therefore diagnosing and corresponding intervention is required ( American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons ( 2013 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Researchers ( De Loose. V. . Burnotte. F. . Cagnie. B. . Stevens. V. . A ; Van Tiggelen. D. ( 2008 ) . have found out that the strivings are caused by several factors such as wear and tear. sprains and abnormalcies of the cervix tissue. There is grounds of cervix strivings originating from other strivings such as arm or shoulder strivings ( De free. 2008 ) . Normally activities such as utmost decompression sicknesss of the cervix. falls and vehicle accidents can do cervix hurts. In certain state of affairss harm of the cervix can damage the spinal column doing palsy. Research workers have besides found out that Spondylosis which occurs in people above the age of 40. adds strains to make out articulations making a way for chronic cervix hurting. But the status is treatable through both conventional and nonconventional methods. Research workers and physicians have identified stylostixis as a nonconventional intervention method which is a really effectual method for handling chronic cervix strivings. Researcher ( Blosssfeldt. 2004 ) . says that. stylostixis is deriving impulse as a popular nonconventional intervention method for chronic cervix hurting. He besides adds that. the method has been good tolerated and has low hazard of inauspicious effects. ( Liang et al. 2008 ) says that. a combination of both traditional and modern stylostixis technique normally result in a documented and improved cervix hurting forms. ( Blossfeldt. 2004 ) adds that stylostixis is widely accepted and it is utilized as a complementary therapy utile in cervix hurting direction arising from cervical spondylitis. Research workers have carried out surveies associating to acupuncture systematic reappraisal with an purpose to happen out on stylostixis effectivity. The surveies have found effectiveness grounds as inconclusive ( salter et Al. 2004 ) . There are surveies which have produced consequences which are positively favoring stylostixis and there are other consequences which have produced negative findings on the effectual of the method ( salter et Al. 2004 ) . Due to the varying consequences. this research was developed to happen out on the effectivity of stylostixis method as a non-conventional method in intervention of chronic cervix strivings in relation to other research findings. In regard to national wellness statistics and studies. Survey data analysis can be used by medical professionals to mensurate the hurting degrees of patients before and after stylostixis intervention. Gathering consequences from assorted surveies and comparing with the constructions of stylostixis and preventative steps of cervix strivings can assist us find on the effectivity of stylostixis as a intervention method. In this literature reexamine the research worker will reexamine on 1 ) how to set up the viability of stylostixis therapies in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting ; 2 ) apprehension of how assumed. shoal and randomised stylostixis therapies are utilized in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting ; 3 ) supply a conclusive grounds of the success of stylostixis as an ideal method of alleviating hurting ; 4 ) set up the effects of the three stylostixis therapies in the intervention of persons with chronic hurting of the cervix ; 5 ) offer recommendation of the viability of stylostixis as a intervention option that can be used by people with chronic cervix strivings. The research worker will besides compare the continuance of stylostixis intervention with other methods and besides the cost associated and hazard factors thereof. METHODOLOGYTarget PopulationThe research informations collected in this survey focused on patients enduring from chronic cervix hurting. The persons used in the research fell within the age of 21 and 55 old ages old. Although there are many patients who report about cervix hurting complaints in different wellness attention installations across the United States. patients withinthe ages of 21 and 55 old ages old were ideal for this research survey. This was due to the fact that they were easier to track their advancement of mending over a longer period of clip. Aged patients over the age of 55 old ages were non best placed in this research sing the assorted properties in the healing procedures of such people. which was proven to be comparatively lower. Most of the information aboutindividuals with chronic hurting of the cervix was indiscriminately collected in wellness attention installations in the State of California. United States. The bulk of these patients were diagnosed with chr onic cervix hurting and were put under a particular focal point while three stylostixis methods of therapies were performed ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . The survey by and large involved a thorough probe of 191 patients in California’s wellness attention. It is of import to admit that the assorted patients were intentionally initiated to acupuncture intervention as their determination to seek the alternate medical pattern after unsuccessful interventions in the mainstream medical processs. There were surely no restriction on the sex of the patients ; hence the research involved both male and female patients. Additionally. there was no specified figure of male or females in the survey. as patients. intervention and advancement of intervention of patients was indiscriminately taken. Further. it was assumed that both male and female patients presented similar responses to the different stylostixis therapies performed in the survey ( Sun et al. 2009. p. 850 ) . The research was non limited by either ethnicity or race. although believed to hold different features in respect to assorted medical processs. Variables of the studyThe dependant variables in this survey included the cervix hurting as an complaint caused by assorted facets such as physical hurt and disease or status among others. The rates of instances affecting chronic cervix strivings during the period of this survey were by and large unprecedented as the causes of such complaints greatly varied. Chronic cervix hurting among the patients varied in respect to the specific causes. which in this instance included degenerative phonograph record disease. neck hurt. cervix strain. herniated phonograph record every bit good as pinched cervix ( Sun et al. 2009. p. 850 ) . The first measure in the intervention process involved a thorough diagnosing of common cervix infections that caused the chronic hurting. The research exploits intervention of such cervix strivings utilizing stylostixis which falls into three classs including optimized stylostixis. shallow stylostixis and assumed stylostixis. Research LimitationsThe cardinal restrictions were based on cervix hurting due to common infection like virus infection of the cervix and lymph nope swelling. every bit good as other infections such as TB of the cervix. meningitis. and infection of spine castanetss around the cervix. It was hard in the survey since some of patients did non present themselves on the twenty-four hours of the survey. The survey besides used a big figure of patients which was a challenge for the research worker. The different patients involved in this survey had chronic cervix strivings attributed to highly different causes. which included physical hurts. some rare infections. and virus infections among others ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . The patients with this job are by and large taken through the three stylostixis therapies. regardless of the cause of their status ( Hush 2004. p. 1533 ) . The fact that all patients are uniformly taken into similar medical processs without being categorized in relation to th eir specific cause of chronic cervix hurting remain as the greatest restricting property of this research. Additionally. clip was a confining factor since the clip allowed for the research was non plenty to expeditiously undertake critically the aims of the survey. Research standards and Database usedIn this survey. the points were collected through seeking equal reviewed journal articles and hence. the research worker exhaustively searched in assorted databases for article that provided information for patients enduring from chronic cervix strivings. specifically those persons between the age of 21 and 55 old ages old. The research worker farther categorized the informations collected to organize two groups of patients of the age bracket of 21 and 34 old ages and those between 35 and 55 old ages old. The creative activity of these two groups was indispensable as taking a wider scope of people of ages 21 to 55 old ages old would show comparatively a higher divergence in the healing processes of the patients. as those above the age of 35 old ages present a much longer period of mending as compared to the vernal 21 to 34 old ages group. The research worker focused the hunt on SPORT Discus. Academic Search Premier. BMJ Research Articles and Gov. . database. Keywords used in the studyThe key footings the research worker normally used while seeking for the relevant articles included: Chronic cervix hurting. cervical hurting types of stylostixis. alternate medical specialty. Sham stylostixis. Shallow stylostixis and Randomized stylostixis. OVERVIEW OF ACUPUNCTURE PRACTICEPracticing stylostixis started many centuries ago as a type of medicine in China. It is the pattern of engrafting acerate leafs at certain points of the human tegument as a signifier of therapy. In stylostixis patterns. there is no engagement of drugs but merely the acerate leafs are adequate to carry through the therapy ( Liang et al. 8 ) . The pattern originated from China and has been noted to distribute all over west of Europe ( Liang et al. 8 ) . As argued by the theoretical account on Chinese medical specialty. the specific topographic points that the stylostixis acerate leafs are placed prevarications on the way named acmes where the dynamic energy goes through. hence leting its entree to command and modulate the flow of energy which is believed to be the cause of force instability ( Willich et Al. 2006. p. 98 ) . Populations and AcupunctureAcupuncture has been practiced in several parts globally. particularly in Europe even though it is in its origin phases in the United States. Harmonizing to NHI study done in the twelvemonth 2007 that besides considered the usage of CAM in America. where 1. 4 % of the respondents were found to be utilizing stylostixis before so. The 3. 1 million of the American population claimed they merely pattern it majorly for terrible megrim and insistent hurting. The survey showed that half of the respondents used stylostixis to handle chronic cervix hurting ( Sun et al. 2009. p. 850 ) . The pattern should evidently be regarded by doctors as an ideal intervention penchant due to the backup it has received from those persons who have used it in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting. Subsequently. the survey did non curtail the grownups establishing on their gender due to limited research. CHRONIC NECK PAINChronic cervix hurting is an complaint that is characterized by hurting in the cervix that lasts for an remarkably long period of clip. normally over a period of three months ( Blossfeldt. 2004 ) . Although different from the common medical conditions of cervix strivings that last for lone yearss. chronic cervix hurting is typically an complaint that takes even old ages without success in its intervention in the mainstream medical patterns ( Irnich. 2002 ) . Chronic cervix hurting is normally associated with a figure of upsets. every bit good as diseases that can affect any of the tissues around the cervix ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . For case. the common causes of this status are strains of the cervix. hurt of the cervix like a herniated phonograph record. pinched phonograph record. or whiplash. and degenerative phonograph record disease. In add-on. chronic cervix hurting is besides linked to common infection like virus infection of the cervix and lymph nope swelling. eve ry bit good as other infections such as TB of the cervix. meningitis. and infection of spine castanetss around the cervix. Some patients besides had chronic cervix strivings caused by highly different causes. which include physical hurts. some rare infections. and virus infections among others. Further. chronic cervix hurting is besides caused by certain infections like virus infection of the cervix and lymph nope swelling. every bit good as other infections such as TB of the cervix. meningitis. and infection of spine castanetss around the cervix. RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC NECK PAINSChronic cervix hurting is by and large caused by legion factors runing from physical hurt to certain infections around the cervix organic structure tissues. Since cervix hurting affects the musculuss around the organic structure countries of the cervix. it becomes painful to travel the cervix ( De Loose. 2008. p. 475 ) . In order to avoid or to forestall cervix strivings for the patients. it is ever indispensable to see remaining off from activities may writhe the cervix and later aggravate the already painful subdivision of the cervix ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . Therisk factors for the hurting normally include hurt from engagement in activities like motor vehicle accidents. Equus caballus siting. contact athleticss and bull equitation among others. devolution of cervical phonograph record besides known as Spondylitis. neck dead set and writhing places ( De Loose. 2008. p. 475 ) . In add-on. it is besides advisable to hold activities that will heighten ce rvix beef uping exercising. every bit good as cervix brace. cut down Television watching use of safety belts in motor vehicles and traveling to the gym for exercising. TYPES OF ACUPUNCTURE USED IN CHRONIC NECK PAIN TREATMENTOptimized stylostixis therapyThe pattern of optimized stylostixis therapy involves the use of traditional stylostixis. which is normally followed by intradermic needle therapy. normally referred to as INT ( Hush 2004. p. 1533 ) . The usage of OAT normally consists of the usage of nine stylostixis points typically selected for an optimized stylostixis therapy group on the advice and consensus of the national adept commission of the OAT processs. In this instance. four points are later located by physician meaning to execute the OAT. The points selected are normally the cervical positive reactions planes found in the top and underside of the cervical planes every bit good as horizontally off from the corresponding cervical vertebra ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . The survey found that this type of stylostixis pattern is extremely sensitive and therefore the demand to be performed by an person with more than five of pattern experiences Sham stylostixis therapyThe pattern is put into usage merely as a tool for control in the scientific research in order to mensurate the efficiency of existent stylostixis in assorted disease intervention. This type of stylostixis involves the usage of tegument perforating shallow acerate leafs on the specified fake groups’ stamp points. The stamp points that are used in this method of stylostixis therapy are categorized as the cardinal countries recommended for the stylostixis. which are the Ah Shee. besides referred to as oh yes point . The points are important in this therapy and have to be used throughout the intervention process. Typically. the location of fake points is normally defined by 25mm sidelong widening to the standard location used for the OAT group. They include: the assumed point of Dazhui ( GV14 ) 25mm. which is 25 millimeter vertically below the usual criterion GV14. fake points of ( S115 ) Jianzhongshu and Huatuojiaji. which is 25 mm sidelong to standard S1 15 ( Liang et al. 8 ) . After the assumed stylostixis. persons undergoing the procedure or patients are treated through the usage of point pressure ( De Loose. 2008. p. 475 ) . The findings show that a patient does non detect whether it is assumed or existent stylostixis being used. The consequences showed that the fluctuation between existent and assumed patterns are caused by addiction or the control effects. If the existent stylostixis is efficient compared to the fake. so the addiction and control effects such as outlooks of the patient. behaviour and beliefs are present. Shallow stylostixis therapyShallow stylostixis group undergoes similar processs as the other OAT groups. However. the doctors are required to infix the acerate leafs in a perpendicular mode in order to make the hypodermic degree at a specified deepness of non more than 3 millimeter ( Salter et al. 2004 ) . Needle use or any other esthesis is prohibited in this peculiar group. Ultimately. after the shallow stylostixis. the patients are to boot treated by INT through the usage of a similar method as in the other OAT groups. It was found that the therapy do non to the full handle the hurting to the full due to its shallow incursion hence the demand for extra intervention that follow the same processs. It consequences to a more efficient intervention in comparing to other therapies though takes much clip ( Salter et al. 2004 ) . ACUPUNCTURE AS AN IDEAL METHOD COMPARED TO PHYSIOTHERAPYZhuang ( 2012 ) ; Robertshawe. ( 2008 ) . compares the usage of stylostixis and physical therapy in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting in a research that took topographic point in China. The research involved showing of a sum of 310 patients. The patients were so indiscriminately split into two equal groups. where one group was treated utilizing stylostixis method. while the other group received intervention through physical therapy. The result of the intervention of the two processs revealed that patients treated under stylostixis processs had better consequences in alleviating cervix hurting. peculiarly after a period of three months. It is indispensable to admit that physical therapy is an alternate medical pattern that can be used in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting. While stylostixis therapies by and large used sterilizes acerate leafs that are normally inserted in the country around the cervix depending o n the type of stylostixis used. physical therapy does non affect the usage of acerate leafs. Physiotherapy utilizes several types of use every bit good as exercising to alleviate hurting. The common illustration of the usage of physical therapy is the stretch. strengthen and unbend up exercising motions of the cervix ( Robertshawe. 2008 ; Willich. 2006 ) . Effects OF ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENTWhite. ( 2001 ) ; Ji-Eun. ( 2010 ) . researched about the inauspicious effects following a usage of stylostixis to handle patients with chronic cervix hurting. In his study. which included a prospective study of 32. 000 audiences with physical therapists and physicians. the research worker. Adrian White aimed at determining the incidence of inauspicious effects that are related to acupuncture intervention. as practiced by British physicians during that clip. The research utilised informations that were collected for the June of 1998 to February of 2000. from a sum of 78 acupuncturists. Altogether the resulting important effects were 43. later giving merely a rate of merely 14 patients of the 10. 000 patients included in the information. The consequences of this survey showed that merely 0. 14 per centum of the patients who used stylostixis in the intervention of chronic hurting experience inauspicious effects ( White. 2001 ) . All the inauspicious effe cts were reported to hold had cleared within the period of one hebdomad after the therapy. Similar decreasing effects were characterized at a longer period. except for merely one incident that lasted for several hebdomads. The consequence derived from the information of stylostixis intervention did non describe any serious inauspicious effects. The rates can merely be classified as minimum sing that it was merely 14 inauspicious effects out of the entire 10. 000 patients who were analyzed with the informations provided ( White. 2001 ; Ji-Eun. 2010 ) . By and large. these consequence rates do non give important hazard per single patient. Recommendation ON ACUPUNCTURE’S VIABILITYThe article by Chen. et Al. . ( 2010 ) . offers sole positions on stylostixis given by assorted doctors. The research by Chen among other writers who contributed to the article. there study marks roll uping information that addresses the function of stylostixis in the direction of hurting in respect to sentiments of doctors who manage such conditions. The research was conducted between 2007 and 2008 utilizing a countrywide electronic mail to 1083 doctors who were in active stylostixis pattern in the United States. Chan et Al. . ( 2010 ) found that the overpoweringly bulk of the respondents of the study had a positive attitude and favourable experience of the usage of stylostixis as an alternate mode in the direction of chronic hurting. The consequences of the study later indicate that stylostixis is considered effectual by doctors in the direction of chronic cervix hurting. CASE STUDIES: Acupuncture for patients with chronic cervix painWitt et Al. . ( 2006 ) undertook the survey in analyzing how effectual stylostixis as an alternate intervention for cervix hurting intervention in comparing to patients who used everyday medical attention. The survey used a random attack of more than 14000 persons aged above 18 enduring from cervix hurting symptoms within a period of 6 months. Besides took a non-acupuncture for 15 Sessionss within a period of 3 months. The stylostixis class were given injections without any other stylostixis intervention. The group which was controlled was non treated utilizing stylostixis but both groups could utilize any other manner of intervention. The survey found out that patients utilizing everyday attention and add on stylostixis intervention showed important betterments in both hurting and quality of their lives in comparing to patients who merely used everyday interventions. Therefore. the consequences concludes that stylostixis can be used aboard everyday interventions to accomplish optimum consequences. Efficacy and safety of acupunctureVas. et Al. ( 2006 ) conducted a survey to set up the effectivity of stylostixis vis a vis placebo. Both methods were to be utilized to handle chronic cervix strivings that were non complicated. ( N=123 ) patients. who were over the ages 17 and who possessed chronic cervix strivings for over 3 months were used. They were indiscriminately selected into 2 groups. the stylostixis group and placebo group. For 3 hebdomads. the stylostixis group was treated with 5 stylostixis interventions. The intervention features were. 30 proceedingss intervention followed by 10 proceedingss manual interventions. While the placebo group was subjected to transdermal nervus stimulation. which was characterized by 30 proceedingss of intervention and the potentiometer was being adjusted after every 10 proceedingss. The findings from this survey were that. stylostixis as a signifier of cervix intervention had minimum side effects. For overall effectivity. stylostixis was found to hold higher effectivity than placebo. Researchers once and for all said that. stylostixis was effectual. DISCUSSIONIn its wide context. this research has dwelled in covering all the related stuff on stylostixis and particularly its effectivity in intervention of stylostixis. Most are the surveies which have found considerable effectivity and a few surveies have found less important betterment in stylostixis usage. The research workers ( salter et al. 2006 ; Liang et Al 2012 ; Chen et al 2010 ; vas et al 2006 ) have favourably recognized stylostixis as an effectual non-conventional intervention method. From the reappraisal above. it is apparent that all the methods of stylostixis are effectual in intervention of chronic cervix strivings. Sham. optimisation and shallow stylostixis all have a capacity of effectivity when administered good. The assorted surveies by salter have provided solid practical grounds and information on patients’ wellness upon utilizing all the three types of stylostixis in intervention of patients and persons ( salter et al 2004 ) . For illustration in 2007. a national wellness interview study in America found that. 1. 4 % of respondents have used stylostixis to handle chronic cervix strivings. That per centum reported success. which is a testament to stylostixiss effectiveness ( National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 ) . ( Blossfeldt. 2004 ) in his research notes that. acupuncture optimized technique success rate was a favourable 68 % . Blossfeldt besides noted that. on short term footing. stylostixis was 78 % effectual. while on long term footing it was 49 % effectual. Salter besides found out on effectivity of stylostixis. The cervix hurting questionnaire that he used for a period of 3 months. found out that. of the 34 % of the patients who have cervix strivings. 14 % of these have efficaciously used stylostixis therapy ( salter et al 2004 ) another research worker Liang. who conducted surveies in China in association with other bookmans. they found out that optimized stylostixis as a method of handling chronic cervix strivings was really effectual. Although I extensively performed research on a broad scope of databases. there are some articles that may hold been missed out. Since I was separately carry oning this research entirely. it is possible that the big figure of important articles were later overlooked. In add-on. there are many external factors that could hold influenced the full consequence of the usage of stylostixis as an ideal intervention for chronic cervix hurting. The bulk of surveies somewhat differ in a figure of issues such as informations collected. population. or any of combinations of these factors. White ( 2001 ) exactly researched about the inauspicious events following a usage of stylostixis to handle patients with chronic cervix hurting. with an utmost figure of respondents. Chen. L. et Al. . ( 2010 ) . had a comparatively smaller figure of respondents. and besides had aggregation of informations to be collected merely through electronic mail in his research on the effectivity of stylostixis in the dire ction of chronic hurting in the cervix. These are some of the factors that were out of the range of the research. hence finding the effectivity of stylostixis was hard. since the facet of effectivity could easy be isolated from some external factors. The analysis of the specific information provided by the surveies of the literature reappraisal of this research paper indicates that either of the three methods of stylostixis can efficaciously handle the chronic cervix hurting. The procedural pattern of fake. shoal and optimized stylostixis. though different. they present similar manner of executing the stylostixis therapy. every bit offering effectual intervention for chronic cervix hurting. Liang et Al. ( 2012 ) asserts that the three types of stylostixis to be based on the idea that lessening or disaffection of hurting can be enhanced by let go ofing the chemicals responsible for barricading hurting. Issues of age in the survey have been considered as the research merely focused on persons between 21 old ages old and 55 old ages. as they are likely to hold a faster period of mending as compared to adult aged groups of more than 55 old ages old. By and large. the usage of stylostixis is illustrated every bit effectual as it has a ntecedently been used to handle patients with chronic cervix hurting. The loopholes evident in the research include the possibility of a anterior cognition in finding the differences that may emerge upon consideration for gender in the intervention plan. In the full survey. there is no individual account of the ratio of females against the males in happening out the effectivity of stylostixis intervention processs. The survey focused on a general position of patients with chronic cervix hurting regardless of their several sex or gender. The cognition of the differences that exist between males and females could hold some effects on the understanding the usage of stylostixis. In add-on. the paper did non concentrate on the causes of the assorted cervix hurting. which could besides compromise the consequences of the survey. sing that such programs are typically attributed to a broad assortment of causes. Subjects that can be considered for farther research are set uping the component of gender in finding the effectivity of stylostixis while handling chronic cervix job. The assorted surveies illustrated in the research paper did non indicate out the importance of understanding differences in the healing procedure of male and female patients with chronic cervix hurting. I suggest a survey be conducted with a major accent on the facet of gender differences between patients in order to find the effectivity of stylostixis intervention for cervix hurting in male and female patients. If this survey is conducted. it will be possible to compare the effectivity of stylostixis intervention between male and female patients within the same wellness status of chronic cervix hurting. Mentions Blossfeldt. P. ( 2004 ) . Acupuncture for Chronic cervix hurting: a cohort survey in an NHS hurting Clinic. 22 ( 3 ) : 146-151. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pubmed/15551941Chen. L. . Houghton. M. . Seefeld. L. . Malarick. C. A ; Mao. Jianren. ( 2010 ) . A Survey of SelectedPhysician Positions on Acupuncture in Pain Management. 11 ( 4 ) . 530-534 Salter. G. C. Roman. M. . Bland. M. J A ; MacPherson. H. ( 2006 ) . Acupuncture for chronic hurting: apilot for randomized controlled test. 7 ( 1 ) : 3-14. Retrieved fromhttp: //www. biomedcentral. com/1471-2474/7/99 Liang. Z. H. . Di. Z. . Jiang. S. . Xu. S. J. . Zhu. X. P. . Fu. W. . A ; Lu. A. P. ( 2012 ) . The optimizedacupuncture intervention for cervix hurting caused by cervical spondylosis: a survey protocol of amulticenter randomized controlled test. 13 ( 1 ) : 2-18. Retrieved fromhttp: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pubmed/22776567 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. ( 2013 ) . cervix hurting. Retrieved fromhttp: //orthoinfo. aaos. org/topic. cfm? topic=a00231Chen. L. . Houghton. M. . Seefeld. L. . Malarick. C. . A ; Mao. J. ( 2010 ) . a study of selected physician positions on stylostixis in hurting direction. Pain Medicine. 11 ( 4 ) . 530-534. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus. De Loose. V. . Burnotte. F. . Cagnie. B. . Stevens. V. . A ; Van Tiggelen. D. ( 2008 ) . Prevalence and hazard factors of cervix hurting in military office workers. Military Medicine. 173 ( 5 ) . 474-479. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Hush. J. M. . Michaleff. Z. . Maher. C. G. . A ; Refshauge. K. ( 2009 ) . Individual. physical and psychological hazard factors for cervix hurting in Australian office workers: a 1-year longitudinal survey. European Spine Journal. 18 ( 10 ) . 1532-1540. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Irnich. D. . Behrens. N. . Gleditsch. J. M. . Stor. W. . Schreiber. M. A. . Schops. P. . A ; †¦ Beyer. A. ( 2002 ) . Immediate effects of dry needling and stylostixis at distant points in chronic cervix hurting: consequences of a randomized. double-blind.

Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use Essay Example

Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use Essay Example Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use Essay Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use Essay In the short story, â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, the author presents a recurrent theme of conflict and struggle within African-American Culture, especially with the specific set of time. The specific element of this story that is most significant is characterization and symbolism, which Walker uses to express concern for the differences between these interpretations and uphold one of them, showing that heritage and culture affect the characters everyday life. An encounter used in â€Å"Everyday Use† which could be interpreted as two different approaches or interpretations of African-American Culture, takes place during Dee (One of the daughters of the narrator) returns to visit her mother (Narrator), and younger sister Maggie, â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses on this encounter between the Johnson Family, an argument over the family quilt, leaving the reader with abstract interpretations. Characteristics like appearance, behavior, and decisions help to distingu ish the characters of the story, yet walker uses the same characteristics to give the reader an abstract understanding of the theme. The story is constantly involved on the characterizing of Dee, Maggie, and Mama. The first impression the reader is given of Maggie is her awkward looking appearance and shy nature, described by her mother remarks, â€Å"showing just enough of her thin enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know shes there, almost hidden by the door† (pg 1126). However, Maggie is, like her mother, she honors the memory of her ancestors, she is the only daughter in the family who has learned how to quilt from her grandmother. However that could be because of Maggies introverted nature as noted by Mama â€Å"she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe† (pg.1126). Mama then compares Wangara beauty to Maggies look, she says â€Å"Dee (Wangero) is lighter than

Amidst stiff resistance from most actors, the Indian government Essay

Amidst stiff resistance from most actors, the Indian government approved Foreign Direct Investment in retail last year. Discuss how this will impact the development in the country - Essay Example well as implementation of pioneering technological advancements and internationalisation have compelled the respective governments of dissimilar nations to formulate along with execute effectual policies for progressing the economies (Hirst et al., 2009). With regard to this aspect, it has been viewed that the government of India felt the urgent need of progressing its economy through approving Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in recent years particularly in the retail sector. By taking into consideration the aforementioned decisive factors, the government of India has decided to implement such a significant approach with the sole motive of developing its economy at large. In this similar concern, the Indian government previously adopted this significant approach but failed to implement owing to the reason of facing stiff resistance from both the allies and the opposition parties by a greater level. The government strongly believes that the introduction and the implementation of this important approach i.e. FDI would certainly help in advancing Indian economy by a significant extent (Nexia International, n.d.). FDI is fundamentally regarded as an invaluable source of private capital especially for developing nations which plays a decisive role in making deliberate efforts towards both national along with international development. Generally, FDI is typically described as a cross-border investment which is made by an organisation based in one particular nation into a business entity based in another country with the motive of strengthening its financial position by a greater level (Peng, 2009). The approach of FDI is principally regarded to be an imperative tool for the financial development of any particular nation through standardising advanced technologies, effectively utilising valuable resources and developing innovative techniques (Moghe, 2008). It has been apparently observed that the governments of various countries desire to adopt and execute this

How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) Dissertation - 1

How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) in cities of America - Dissertation Example It has also been stated that this diversification also tends to reduce unemployment in both times of economic difficulty and normally. Thus diversification may or may not be strongly associated with both economic growth and stability which is the goal of every nation in the world. Diversity of employment also depends upon the level of education and population levels of the area. Though it has often been proven that with diversification comes sustainability but the effects on per capita income are largely unknown which are investigated in this paper. It has also been stated that diversification does not get along well with specialization which is also often associated with high per capita income. Thus a trade off often exists at some points where economic diversity may hinder both stability and growth. (Tran, 2011) This study includes a literature review from various scholars and their studies to analyze whether diversification affects per capita income or not? This theoretical review is followed by an empirical study which uses data from the US government from 30 cities across the United States. Together both these studies try to reach a conclusion whether economic diversity and per capita income are related. References Malizia, E. a. (2003). The Influence of Economic Diversity on Unemployment and Stability.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Case Study Example Both methods gave Robin Hood an advantage over the Sherriff because of the loyalty of his men and of the people. Robin Hood is wise to be considering a change in strategy for his second year of campaigns for two reasons. First, the Merrymen seem to lack the understanding for the need for flexibility when they grow in numbers. This may have been caused by a low barrier to enter the group. Second, food and supplies are becoming scarce when Robin Hood is preparing for his campaigns second year. The group is growing which is causing stress on the flow of supplies. With the Sherriff increasing in strength and awareness of Robin Hood’s tactics, Robin is wise to take a look at his strategy and make the necessary changes. Robin Hood should consider several factors in revising his strategy. One of those factors is his method of recruitment. He currently accepts just about anyone. He should tighten requirements for membership including the men having skills that the group needs. He might consider a hierarchical organization for his group so that new members could go through a review process, and more control can be kept over the band. He should also consider other methods to fund the organization, as food and supplies are growing thin. Consider how the new challenge faced by Robin Hood encompasses the five elements of strategy as described on the strategy diamond: arenas; vehicles; differentiation; staging and pacing; and economic logic. Robin Hood is operating in a dynamic environment. The emerging internal conflict in his organization and changes outside of his organization provide a platform to understand the dynamic nature of strategic leadership. Razorfish had many variables affecting its rise and its quick decline. Internally, Razorfish developed an innovative business model that focused on advanced technology, staffing, marketing, and consulting practices. The staff’s ability to identify and use advanced technology was key

Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis

Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis Power, Freedom, Justice: Explorations in Political Subjectivity Reflective Logs: The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how the following thinkers studied in the module engaged with Kant`s conception of subjectivity. I will address the following thinkers and topic in my reflective logs: Arendt, Berlin, Fanon, Marcuse, Foucault, Habermas, Rawis, MacIntyre, Rorty, and New Materialism. Immanuel Kant – Sapere AudeDate: 21st January 2014 Kant in his work â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† argues that â€Å"Enlightenment is man`s release from his self-incurred tutelage† (Kant, 1784). He means that one can only become enlightened when they find the courage to think/reason without the help of others. Hannah Arendt – Vita ActivaDate: 22nd January 2014 Hannah Arendt is truly one of the most significant thinkers of the 20th century, and one of the most influential to me in political subjectivity. The German born thinker introduces the term â€Å"vita activa† into political subjectivity. She differentiates between three basic human activities: â€Å"labour, work, action† (Arendt, 2000 p: 167-181). These conditions are necessary for a human being in order to live a life on earth. Labour is defined as the biological practice of the body, and it is a significant necessity of life. Work maintains a world that is â€Å"artificial† (Arendt, 2000), which is highly differentiated from every day’s environment. Action is defined by her as the ongoing activity that is not interfered by other things, and she connects this to the plurality of the human position. Arendt suggests that labour is repetitive, which is never ending, while work has an actual beginning and an end. While action is ongoing as revealing who we are has a beginning but no end. Because of this reasoning Action becomes immortal in her view. Arendt moves forward from the view of Kant as she develops thought to action while Kant`s view is based on reflective reasoning. Isaiah Berlin –Negative and Positive FreedomDate: 5th February 2014 Berlin`s biggest contribution to political subjectivity was his paper on the differentiation of two concepts of liberty. He distinguishes between positive freedom and negative freedom. He defines â€Å"negative freedom† as â€Å"freedom from† (Berlin, 1969 p.2), which implies the absence of pressure put on a human being by others. He describes positive freedom on two ways: Firstly, as â€Å"freedom to† (Berlin, 1969, p.8.) to be able to reach and seek one`s wished goals. Secondly, as being independent, and ruling one`s self without depending on other beings â€Å"the freedom which consists in being one`s own master† (Berlin, 1969, p. 8.) Even though, the basic notion of distinguishing different freedoms goes back to the time of Kant, Berlin further develops these notions, and he became the first to outline the ongoing debate. Berlin also contradicts the views of Arendt`s, even though he also believes that it is important that a line to be â€Å"drawn betw een the area of private life and that of public authority† (Berlin, 2002:171). While Arendt is a supporter of the freedom in the public sphere, Berlin`s freedom is based on the private sphere, as for him being free is â€Å"to the degree which no man or body of men interferes with my activity† (Berlin, 2002:169). Maurice Merleau-Ponty – EmbodimentDate: 12th February 2014 Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that a human being cannot isolate himself/herself from the public realm and from the perceptions of the world. He suggests that the actions of an individual are guided by experiences, and subjectivity is established through the body and life experiences of a human being. Merleau-Ponty does not agree with the concept that â€Å"thinking subject can absorb into its thinking or appropriate without remainder the object of its thought†, and that â€Å"our being can be brought down to our knowledge† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:72). For him freedom is a state of consciousness where personal actions and responsibilities can be chosen from a variety of possibilities. For him freedom is every time provided within a field of possibilities. He suggests that freedom is always an option for the being in every situation, unless we give up ourselves and our belonging to the situation. He also goes against the views and arguments of Kant and Descartes who â€Å"de tached the subject, or consciousness, by showing that I could not possibly apprehend anything as existing unless I first of all experienced myself as existing† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:x). It is because to Merleau-Ponty it is only through the body that he â€Å"understand other people, just as it is through my body that I perceive `things`† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:216). Herbert Marcuse – Agency and StructureDate: 19th February 2014 Marcuse in his print One-Dimensional Man offers a different approach to political subjectivity. In his post-Marxist view he criticise the modern world and its contemporary capitalism. He addresses the industrial society, and he blames this capitalist industrialised civilisation for the loss of freedom. Reasonable democratic unfreedom prevails in advanced industrial civilisation (Marcuse, 1964:1). He suggests that the capitalist world produced a reality with created needs which eventually turned human beings into consumers and producers. This is shaped through the media, the management of consumption and contemporary modes of thought regarding what to consume (Marcuse, 1964). He argues that this results in the loss of the freedom of the individual and the loss of critical thought and the loss of oppositional behaviour. He also worries about the working class as they integrate into capitalist world, hence about the disappearance of the revolutionary Marxist society who fights capitalis m and the capitalist West. Michel Foucault – Subject and PowerDate: 26th February 2014 The main focus for Foucault has been on the connection between the subject and power. He argues that by power people are turned into subjects (Foucault, 1982:777). For Foucault subjectivity is viewed as a way to exercise power above others. This is demonstrated through the idea of the Panopticon where in the designed prison, prisoners would not be able to tell whether they are being watched or not. Therefore, they assume that they are being observe hence they act differently while under the assumption of observation. He acknowledges the component of fairly enlightened changes in the way of imprisonment, however he argues that these new method of punishment evolves into the new way in which society is controlled to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better (Foucault, 1977:109). Schools, hospitals and other central significant buildings are being based on the following model. Therefore, he argues that this relationship enters the private by escalating from the public, and tu rning individuals into subjects. Foucault also tries to question and shape the values and elements of Kants Enlightenment via a discussion which should be used as a form of practice, and as motivation to change the way individuals think and act today. Jà ¼rgen Habermas – Communicative FreedomDate: 5th March 2014 Habermas takes the centre of the attention to language and to forms of communication. His term for this is lifeworld communications (Habermas, 1987, p.297). He suggests that this communicative sphere has a vital influence on ones private and public self. Unlike Foucault for Habermas reason must be acknowledged as social. While Foucaults subjectivity is the production of forces of power, Habermas believes that communication in the context of discussion enables individuals to demonstrate their positions in a mutual way. Habermas strongly believes that language and communication can alter the world, subjectivity and also freedom. A man from his private sphere can communicate their choices to the public sphere through the tools of communication and speech, while they also listen to the preferences of other private individuals. Habermas has been influence by Kant and Kants ethics, however he argues that his ethical concept is the improved version of the Kantian one. He does not agree with every point of Kant, such as the dual framework of his ethics. For Habermas, morals emerge from discussions which are fundamental due to their logic, instead of their freedom. John Rawls – Social JusticeDate: 12th March 2014 John Rawls is one of the thinkers who has been most influenced by Immanuel Kant. He proposes that a just society is the society that could be fair to all individuals universally. He created a new concept on justice. He mixes the elements of the philosophy of Kant and Utilitarianism in order to create a new method for the judgement of private and public institutions. Rawls proposes the idea of the usage a veil of ignorance (Rawls, 1999:11). Behind this veil, every individual is incapable of knowing anything about themselves, resulting in rational, free and equal individuals. He then argues that these rational individuals would create a society where mostly two principles would be most significant and fundamental: Principle of Liberty and Principle of Difference. Principle of Liberty is mainly Kantian in the sense that it offers primary and common respect to every individual as the minimum principle for every just establishments. The other one promotes inequality and believes that it w ill serve every individual for the better. Alasdair MacIntyre – Justice in Plural SocietiesDate: 19th March 2014 MacIntyre has been one of the major critics of Kant and those who are basing their theories on the Kantian model. He believes that the moral views and theses of Kant, Rawls and other thinkers are condemned to fail as they used the old irrational dialects of morality. These thinkers are doomed to decline as they share certain characteristics that are deriving from their eminently distinct historical background (MacIntyre, 1985). He claims that the theory of Rawls that is based on the individual and was influenced by the Kantian model does not realise the significance of the community as such. He suggest that the community has a major impact on the life of the individual and it is only possible to create a just society in the public sphere. As he puts it â€Å"a society is composed of individuals, each with his or her own interest, who then have to come together and formulate common rules of life† (MacIntyre, 1981: 232-233). He completely refuses to accept the Rawls-Kantian noti on where society is inferior and the individual is primary. He reaffirms that â€Å"the relationship between me, my social identity, and my good will preclude †¦ re-evaluation† (MacIntyre, 1982:664). Richard Rorty  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Justice as a Larger Loyalty Date: 26th March 2014 Rorty is quiet alike MacIntyre, in the sense that individuals have different identities which pose an influence on the behaviour and actions of the individual. Although his thesis is based on the behaviour of public loyalty to certain companies. He realises the limitations of Kant`s foundationalist theory. He suggest that these theories are like mythological stories where the human brain as such was limited. He believes that it is wise to get rid of the â€Å"residual rationalism that we inherit from the Enlightenment† (Rorty, 2001:235). His main reason for this is that the elimination of rationalistic rhetoric would allow Western countries to purse the Non-Western areas â€Å"in the role of someone with an instructive story to tell, rather than in the role of someone purporting to be making better use of a universal human capacity (Rorty, 2001: 235). Finally, he argues that most of the philosophical debates are unnecessary and the centre of attention should not lay on the tr uth but rather on the betterment of humans. New Materialism Date: 2nd April 2014 New Materialism and the writer of the article, William Connolly draws upon some self-organizing preservation which provide assistance in the foundation of our world. These relating biological, geological and climate systems are seriously undervalued in today`s neoliberal economic markets. The reading engages with many influential thinkers and philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Deacon, Foucault and Hayek. New-materialism reinvents and rethinks the ideology of freedom. Connolly in the reading encourages the left to take back the state and not to relinquish it. Conclusion Date: 2nd April 2014 To conclude, political subjectivity has been a very interesting module to attend in the last semester of my studies. I realised by the end of this tasks that each week my understanding of the different thinkers have developed significantly through the material provided by the module leader. I have discovered new thinkers in the module and broadened my vision of political subjectivity. It raised some serious questions and discussions which seems to be a never-ending position while individuals have their own ideas. Bibliography: Alasdair MacIntyre (1985) After Virtue, chapter 15, Duckworth, pp. 205-225 Arendt, H. (1958) The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press. Arendt, H. (1970) On Violence, Harvest Books. Arendt, H. (2007) ‘Introduction into Politics’. In The Promise of Politics, ed. Kohn, J. Schocken Books Herbert Marcuse (1964) One-Dimensional Man, Routledge Immanuel Kant (1784) ‘What is Enlightenment?’ Isaiah Berlin (1969) ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. In Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press Oxford John Rawls (2004) ‘On Justice as Fairness’. In Clayton and Williams (eds) Social Justice, Blackwell, pps. 49-84, extracts from (1999) Theory of Justice, (revised edition), Harvard University Press (pps. 6-9, 10-19, 52-58, 61-73, 130-39) Jà ¼rgen Habermas (1987) ‘An alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject: Communicative versus Subject-Centred Reason’. In The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, MIT Press (pps. 294-326) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1958; reprinted 2003) ‘Freedom’. In Phenomenology of Perception, Routledge, pp. 504-530 Michel Foucault (1977) ‘Panopticism’. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prisons Richard Rorty (2001) ‘Justice as a Larger Loyalty’. In Festenstein, M. Thompson, S. (eds.), Richard Rorty Critical Dialogues, Polity Press, pps. 223-237 William Connolly (2013) ‘The New Materialism and the Fragility of Things’, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 41, I. 3, pp. 399-412.

Are you pro or against medical science? :: Science Medicine Essays

Are you pro or against medical science? There is a fragile line between obsessiveness and curiosity, when it comes to medical science. As we can see in Mary Shelley's " Frankenstein" Victor is completely obsessed with his idea of creating a monster even though at the end he abandons it. This article is clearly a description of what science should not be. On the contrary Emily Martin's "The body at war " is an obvious example of true science " Martin's analysis reveals that the most powerful metaphor associated with the immune system are those of war and battle and she reflects on the ways in which these war scenes are populated by identities that are gendered, raced and classed"(286). These are two extremes that drive humans to scientific knowledge. The people searching for scientific knowledge to eliminate disease, improving public health, and extending or saving lives VS. the people who, deliberately introduce disease for destruction. For instance recent bio-terrorism events invite speculation on the nature and extent of human capacity for destructive as well as constructive behavior. The question is where do we draw the line between those who create suffering to further their cause and those who strive to alleviate suffering regardless of the cause? In recent history of medical technology or medical science, there have been innumerable advances that have created an extraordinary technological jump in global society. Many aspects of life have improved dramatically, for example Laser surgery for the eyes; a process called Lazik has given those of us with eye problems a different way of "seeing" the world. Another example is the new Gadget called VeriChip; a vitamin size computer chip bearing vital personal information. This chip is surgically implanted under the skin and is used to tell doctors about patients who are allergic to antibiotics. Once injected into the arm, the inch long chip can neither be seen nor felt. Another advancement in Medical technology is G.E( General Electric)company introduce the world's first 4Dimensional ultrasound technology where you can clearly see your future baby. Or what about open heart surgery, cat scans, re-attachment of body parts and pill cocktail that keep HIV infected people alive? Scientifi c and medical breakthroughs we never thought possible. Medical science has provided many solutions to our unanswered questions and has removed our fears, says Michael Bishops article "Enemies of Promise" "Science is the art of the possible, of the soluble" (239).

South America vs. North America

Audrey Hepburn March 4, 2013 Mr. Miller AP U. S. History South vs. North 1800-1850 FRQ: In spite of sharing a country, the Northern and Southern areas of America had many differences and distinctions, which ended up dividing the nation. During the first part of the 1800's the North and the South grew in different ways. In the North, cities were centers of wealth and manufacturing. There were many skilled workers. In the South there was not much manufacturing. There were not many skilled workers. Most of the people were farmers. Money came from plantation crops, like cotton, and slavery was a major piece of their economy.Their respective societies were also diverse. The period between 1800 and 1850 brought rapid population growth throughout the United States. In the North the overall population rose from about 5 million to 31 million during this time. Part of this increase was due to massive immigration. Between 1830 and 1850 over 2 million Irish, German, and other northern Europeans arrived in the United States. Most of them settled in the North. The population of the South was made up of white Americans and enslaved Africans. By 1800 there were about 4 million slaves in America and the United States was the largest slaveholding republic.The total population of the South reached 12 million. The South was an overwhelmingly agricultural region of mostly farmers. Most farmers lived in the backcountry on medium sized farms, while a small number of planters ran large farms, or plantations. The South was ideal for agriculture and had the ability to grow crops in large amounts. However, only one-fourth of the Southern population owned slaves, and most of these were the planters. The rest of the population was made up of white independent farmers, tenant farmers (who rented land and paid the landowners in crops or money), laborers, or frontier families.Most Southerners lived on farms, scattered along the coastal plains and the small farmers in the backcountry. Since th e economy was based on agriculture, industries and towns developed at a slower pace than in the North. There were many small towns along the banks of rivers and the coasts. Only a few large cities developed as trading centers in the South. Plantations were so large and so distant from each other that they became almost self-sufficient, like small towns. Cities in the North thrived as centers of commerce. They were set up along the Atlantic coast and served as centers of trade between the North and Europe.They were hubs of manufacturing of textiles (cloth goods) and other products. Many people from rural New England moved to the cities looking for employment opportunities. In 1800 about 5 percent of the population lived in cities, but by 1850 nearly 15 percent did. Increased trade and manufacturing drew many laborers to town to work. Cities were often crowded and dirty. Not until after 1830’s were harbors and streets improved, sanitation systems were started, and police forces were created. Public services such as education began to take root. The Southern economy was based on agriculture.Crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities. They were raised on large farms, known as plantations, which were supported by slave labor. After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton took over as â€Å"king† of the southern economy. Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seed from the cotton fiber much faster than could be done by hand. This caused a rapid growth and expansion of cotton production. In 1793 Southern farmers produced about 10,000 bales of cotton. By 1835, they were growing over 1 million bales a year.Cotton exports made up two-thirds of the total value of American exports. To clear land and grow cotton, Southerners used slave labor. Slavery was essential for the South’s prosperity. The South had little manufacturing, and Southerners wanted cheap imports. Since t hey exported most of their cotton and tobacco, they believed that high tariffs-–taxes on imported goods—would scare away the foreign markets that bought their goods. For these reasons the South was against tariffs. The North, however, favored high tariffs to protect its industries from foreign competition.The Northern economy was based on many different industries. These included shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining. The majority of people lived on small farms and found that much of the land was suited for subsistence farming—raising food crops and livestock for family use—rather than producing goods to export, or send to other countries. Northerners stated to use their â€Å"ingenuity† to manufacture all kinds of goods. With the use of waterpower and coal for steam plants, manufacturing developed quickly. People realized that the many surrounding waterfalls were cheap source of energy, and the waterpower began to be used to run the factori es. Items such as textiles, iron, and ships were manufactured in great quantities. These goods were traded for foreign products, as well as transported to and from all continents by trading ships. The growth of trade, manufacturing and transportation brought many changes to cities in the North. Cities took on an increasingly important role in determining the culture of the North. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners brought new ideas to the North. The majority of Northerners were Protestant believers.Villages became strong centers of community activities. Cities were important centers of art, culture, and education. Most cities printed newspapers and books and provided many forms of recreation, such as dancing, card playing, and theatre. Both religion and education were organized institutes. Most towns had both schools and churches. Public education grew in the north after the 1830s, but few boys went to secondary school, and college was reserved mostly fo r the wealthy. There were few schools or churches in the South, since neither education nor religion were very organized.The best educated were the sons of planters. On plantations there were sometimes small schools, and often planters hired private tutors to teach their children until they could be sent off to private schools. Small farmers had little or no education. Life in the South revolved around the small, wealthy class of planters and the agricultural system they controlled. Planters were the aristocracy—the upper class—of the South. They lived like country gentleman of England and ran the political and economic life. Plantations were far apart and developed their own communities.Recreational activities included such things as fox hunting, dancing, horseracing, and watching cockfights. During the first half of the 1800s transportation vastly improved, and the size of the United States more than doubled. Methods of long-distance transports, such as steamships an d railroads, affected the South because products could more easily be sold to more distant markets. By 1850 about 9,000 miles of railroad spread across the Southern states. Meanwhile, hundreds of steamboats moved Southern crops to the North and to European markets.Still, this was not nearly as vast a railroad system as the North. Most of the new rail lines were in the North, spanning out to the west. By 1850, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks connected distant parts of the United States. . Canals, mostly built in the North, were also a cheap source of transportation. The Erie Canal was clearly a success for New York commercial activities. Many other cities began to follow suit and within a decade a system of over 3,000 canals provided water transportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the West. By 1850 there were over 88,000 miles of surfaced roads.Although the Northern and Southern states shared many things, in the period of 1800-1850, their disparities began to outshine what they had in common, which helped to lead into the Civil War. Their economies were polar opposites, with the Northern industrializing and the South farming and exporting; their societies were based on two diverse things, the South being an almost aristocratic system and the North focusing on factory work and industrializing. Their governmental ideals differed, especially and so blatantly emphasized in their opinions on tariffs.

How To Write A Synthesis Essay Outline, with Example

How To Write A Synthesis Essay Outline, with Example Writing  a Synthesis Essay Outline Introduction writing Thesis writing Main body writing Conclusion writing Outline example On many occasions, students begin tackling their essay assignments before establishing the various attributes that differentiate essays. It is essential, first of all, to understand the various types of papers that exist and their main features before one begins handling their assignment. A synthesis essay can be described as any written work that seeks to make connections between different parts of a paper with the ultimate goal of presenting a unique theme, topic, or viewpoint. Synthesis essays always use a wide range of sources and this helps to support the author’s claim or stance on a particular topic or theme. The expectation here is that the sources will guide the writers in identifying the connection that exists between different sources from whence a solid theme, viewpoint or perspective will be formed. The implication here is that synthesis essays require a lot of research and students should be prepared for such work. Some students are often in the habit of assuming that this type of essays are out-rightly argumentative essays. However, as it will be discussed below, argumentative essays are only a type of synthesis essays. Therefore, it is essential to understand the differing aspects of all essays for one to be able to write a relevant article. Types of Synthesis Essay There are three types of synthesis essays. Details of each are shown below: 1. Argument Argument synthesis essays are a type of assignment  where the author seeks to present their stance or viewpoint, and supports it using facts from relevant sources. The facts provided to help enhance the author’s stance are often arranged in a logical manner. In most occasions, writers develop different thesis statements despite writing about the same topic. The above is allowed because the argument presented is individual and thus opens to interpretation. There can hence be two different theses from the same topic, and each is declared as an excellent work. 2. Review A review is simply described as a discussion of research that was done in the past. However, unlike regular literature reviews, it also entails a critical analysis of the source used. Its main goal is to affirm the need for more research on a particular topic. It thus seeks to determine the loopholes or the shortcomings of previous research discussions. 3. Explanatory Explanatory essays are also known as background synthesis essays. Unlike the argumentative that requires the author to have a stance, here, the author is only required to present facts about an object, state of affairs, or even a place to further the readers’ understanding. The goal or thesis is not as pronounced as when one is dealing with an argument essay because the author’s focus shifts to objectively organizing and presenting facts. In an argument paper, writers can go beyond the sources reading, when they are trying to make their stance clear. However, in an explanatory synthesis essay, authors are not expected to go beyond the facts that are in the sources provided. Structure of a  Synthesis Essay The first important, but overly forgotten bit is the topic selection. Before a writer thinks of an essay structure, it is essential to ensure that tips concerning topic selection are clear. There is one tip that is almost in every online guide, and it entails the selection of a topic that one is familiar with. The above is vital, or necessary, and will help writers to save time especially during the research. Once the topic is established and decided, the next bit involves the structure of the essay. Like all other essays, the synthesis essay has three main parts: the introduction, the main body, and finally the conclusion. Each section needs to follow certain steps and writers need to be familiar with these steps. Below are some tips on how each part needs to be written: Tips concerning introduction writing An introduction presents the readers with a brief discussion of the topic under review. Here, authors need to be creative and ensure that they capture their audiences’ interest, lest they lose them before they even make time to read the rest of the essay. The issue or topic or theme to be discussed should hence be clearly outlined and the author’s stance should be established in the introduction. Tips on thesis writing A thesis is the author’s main idea or perspective and must always be developed before commencing any work on the perfect essay. It is indeed illogical to develop one’s thesis without first reading the sources. Writers must first read the sources provided and then formulate their opinions on the subject or topic. On most occasions, a thesis statement is included in the introduction as the last sentence. Tips on body paragraphs (length, paragraphs, transition words) Synthesis essays often take after the five-paragraph structure and unless stated otherwise, most have five to seven paragraphs as well as six sentences in each paragraph. Transition words help to indicate that the author is on a different point. In some occasions, readers are left to find the points or themselves, and some end up getting mixed up and never even identifying a single point. Transitional words, for example, firstly, subsequently, additionally, etc. help to notify the readers that the author has moved on to the next point. Each paragraph must have a topic sentence, and these help building on the author’s thesis statement. An explanation of the topic sentence is also of the essence. Evidence from the sources used must also be provided, and the significance of whichever source must also be included. Tips on conclusion writing A conclusion can be said to be the easiest of these sections because the author is only expected to state the importance of their stance or viewpoint and provide a summary of the points discussed. While in most occasions authors finish their work flatly, in a synthesis essay one is supposed to be creative and include an ending that will elicit some thoughts from the audience. Example of Outline on Synthesis Essay about Global Warming Introduction Definition of global warming. Briefly mentioning some of the causes of global warming, for example, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, increase in pollution levels, and industrialization. Mention some of the effects of global warming, for example, an increase in temperature, increase in sea levels which subsequently leads to flooding, etc. Thesis statement –assert that the world’s temperature level is rising and that the world needs to work together to help reduce the rate at which the temperature levels are rising. Main Body Paragraph 1–Mention IPCC’s assertion that the world’s sea levels will rise by 7 – 23 inches by the end of the current century. Include why this is important and will help build on the thesis statement. Paragraph 2 –The rise in temperature by 1.4 Fahrenheit degrees since 1880. Provide evidence of the above and mention the significance of this point. Paragraph 3 –The rapid melting of ice in the Arctic and the expectation that the region will soon have an ice free summer. Paragraph 4 –The rapid melting of glaciers with the consequence being increased in the sea levels. How is this point relevant to the thesis statement? Author needs to provide sufficient evidence of this fact. Paragraph 5 –Include the fact that the last two decades of the 20th century have been the hottest in the last 400 years. Evidence must be provided and this point’s relevance included. Conclusion A reassertion that the world’s temperature is steadily rising and how the world needs to be up in arms and strive to forge a way forward. A summary of the points provided in the main body. A question or an open discussion of how the world keeps drawing lines and keeping each other at arm’s length instead of fighting together to help stop the prospect of having to deal with the after-effects of global warming.

Earthquakes Subduction Zones Lab Report Essay Example

Earthquakes Subduction Zones Lab Report Essay Example Earthquakes Subduction Zones Lab Report Paper Earthquakes Subduction Zones Lab Report Paper 500 km x 100,000 CM = CM CM / 3 CM/year = years 2. Question: What is the depth of the deepest earthquake in the Tongs data set? Estimate the rate of descent of the East Pacific Rise material at the Tongs Trench in centimeters per year. Answer: The depth of the deepest earthquake in the Tongs data set is 675 km. The rate of descent of the East Pacific Rise material at the Tongs Trench in centimeters per year is 0. 312 CM/year. Work: 675 km x 100,000 CM = R = CM / years R 0. 312 career 3. Question: Estimate the rate of descent of East Pacific Rise material into the Peru- Chile Trench in centimeters per year. Answer: IOW = 45 x 100 km = 4,500 km 4,500 km x 1 O,OHO CM = 45,000,000 CM 450,000,000 km / 3 CM/year = 150,000,000 years 540 km x 100,000 CM = CM R = 1 years R = 0. 6 CM/year Interpret and Explain Data The data represents the focus depths and longitudes (owe) of the earthquakes that occur at the Peru-Chile Trench subsection zone, and the Tongs Trench subsection zone. On the Tongs Trench as longitude (0 W) increases, or moves further from the prime meridian, the focus depth also increases, or becomes deeper . This creates a steeper slope, and the line appears to be moving upwards. On the Peru-Chile Trench as longitude (owe) increases, or moves rather from the prime meridian, decreases, or becomes shallower. This creates a smoother slope that appears to be moving downwards. On the Tongs Trench graph, the best-fit line is an estimate of the location of the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indian-Australian Plate. The Pacific Plate is subjecting, or moving under the Indian-Australian Plate as this plate overrides the Pacific Plate. On the Peru-Chile Trench graph, the best-fit line is an estimate of the location of the boundary between the NCAA Plate and the South American Plate. The NCAA Plate is subjecting, or moving under the South American Plate as this plate overrides the NCAA Plate. The Peru-Chile Trench and Tongs Trench have similar earthquake focus depths (km), but the longitude (owe) of these earthquakes is different. Summary of Data As two tectonic plates converge, if one or both of the plates is an oceanic lithosphere, a subsection zone will form. The Tongs Trench has a steeper profile than the Peru-Chile Trench. This is because older crust is cooler and denser than younger crust therefore it subjects at a steeper angle. The Tongs Trench has the steeper and older material. As observed from the charts, the Tongs Trench has a steeper profile than the Peru-Chile Trench. This means that the crust at the Tongs Trench is older and denser than the crust at the Peru-Chile Trench, therefore it subjects faster and at a steeper angle. The density of the rock that makes up the subjecting plate determines they way in that a plate behaves. A plate with a greater density subjects into the mantle faster and at a steeper angle than a plate with a lower density. The age of the crust involved in the subsection also affects the rate at which it subjects. Older crust is cooler and denser therefore it subjects at a steeper angle and faster than new crust at a subsection zone. Conclusion: Check Your Hypothesis: My data supports my hypothesis. I predicted that the East Pacific Rise material at the two convergent boundaries: the Tongs Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench is older than the crust created at the East Pacific Rise but the Tongs Trench material is older than the Peru-Chile Trench. This is true because the Tongs Trench and Peru-Chile Trench will have older material, as they are further away from where the crust is created. In addition, it is true that Tongs Trench has older material than the Peru-Chile Trench because it has a steeper slope, which means it is older and denser. Errors and Fixes: In this lab report, I researched more on my background information to enhance my understanding of the topic. In addition, I explained and analyzed my data to make it easier to understand the trends and what the data actually means. I also provided instructions on using a table of data, setting up, and preparing a graph, and preparing a lab report. The errors I had in my lab report were with the math work on the first three analyze questions, the direction in which the plates subjected, and my hypothesis did not clearly state an answer to my question.

Cultural References in Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural References in Translation - Essay Example What makes people a group are not only the affinities of its members, but rather the diversity its members have towards what stands outside of it: the action of culture is similar to the two faces of a wall, which both encloses and, on the other side, protects from what is unknown and obscure, from what is foreign. And the language is the most important (and most efficient) wall a group have to protect its society, its structures and its culture. As the language is the main vehicle (and product itself) of a culture, it is almost impossible to translate the same cultural reference in a different language: the final result will always be lacking something in the power of the form or in its deep meaning. Obviously, this problem is minimum in translations between two similar languages, such as Slovenian and Russian are, or between two societies which have several believes in common, but the problem still remains, because it is impossible to transpose both the meaning and its form, even if we consider the French and British societies, quite different for many aspects, such as independent linguistic origins, but extremely similar for history and development.It is a nonsense to think of a word as a simple 'label' of just one concept3, because a single concept, especially the ideas expressing historical or traditional objects, has different meanings, according to the culture or society it refers to. It is enough to consider the diff erent values that the word Renaissance has: although it points to a defined period of British history, the Italian word Rinascimento refers to a definitely different historical period (1385/1492) and, moreover, to a completely separate sets of values. This is nothing but an insignificant example, but it portrays the misunderstanding a cultural reference could generate: a word achieves a meaning depending on the environment it surrounds it, and in this case it would consist in a wrong interpretation of history. Transposing a meaning is sometimes even impossible: if we consider the fact that English Language has neuter form, while French has not, or if we consider the fact that adjectives have feminine forms in French and English have not (Mon cher/ Ma chre vs. My dear), it is easy to understand how difficult is for the translator to transmit both meaning and form from a language into the other. Even mere objects, such as houses, cars and so on, achieve (or miss) some original feature s of theirs when translated. The word bois describes a wood and evocates the features a wood has in France, describes the species of trees this wood is made of, recollects the sounds of the animals peopling it: it creates an image which has nothing to deal with a wood situated in New Zealand. Obviously this problem is avoided in movies, illustrated books, or children books, as the features of the objects are defined and the words are not requested to portray what has already been constructed by the image, but it remains in literature, especially when a word

INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF PROPERTY Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF PROPERTY - Case Study Example The second way is by, derivatively- this is where an individual sells his property to someone else or he may give it to another person as a gift, under which the ownership of the item is transferred to the other person. The last way is that of succession- in this case we find that the original owner of the item dies; here the item may be passed through to the other person. Under the law of property, we find that ownership is taken as a matter of law while possession is considered as a fact which involves physical custody accompanied by an intention of holding the item as one's own. An example of this is that when an individual is in possession of a pair of shoes decides to throw the shoes in the street, this indicates that he has given up his possession and the person who comes across the shoes and picks them then he becomes the owner of the shoes without paying for them. In law of property, we find that there is also a law of trust whereby, trust is defined as an agreement under which an item either money or property is owned and managed by one person for the benefit of another. It is basically formed when an individual, who is always referred to as a settlor hands over his property to other parties of his own choice who are legally referred to as trustees, under the law of property these trustees are always under the obligation of holding the property for the benefit of other persons. Under the law, for one to come up with a clear intention and the reason for the agreement must be stated. In the Derek case, we find that the reason for this agreement was that since his children had grown up to their twenties, they had a clear intention of purchasing a new house that could accommodate the three of them and also to enable them to take in lodgers so that he may be provided with an extra income. Therefore for one to come up with a trust he should also i dentify the beneficiaries in this case we find that the beneficiaries are Tim and Pam. This trust is always formed through the means of either a written documentation which is referred to as an express trust or it can also be formed by an implied trust.2 Under the implied trust we find that the legal requirements for this particular trust are well adhered to, but the intention for such an agreement are stated, in this case we may find that a reasonable title is not provided and in this case the law comes up with a provision that the grantor for the trust is the beneficiary. In the case of Derek and his children, we find that he was unable to obtain a mortgage loan due to his age and it is explained that, Pam who was able to obtain a loan and took the legal title in her name after which, Derek paid the amount required for deposit, expenses and the mortgage payments, here we find that Derek acted as a grantor according to the implied trust, which according to the law of property is formed in a situation where some of the legal necessities for an express trust are not met, although there is usually the formation of an intention to create a trust on behalf of the parties,