A Research on Obesity and Diabetes Plaguing...

LITERATURE SEARCH 0 Literature search: Research on African-American women, obesity and diabetes Setse, R., Grogan, R., Cooper, L., Strobino, D., Powe, N., Nicholson, W. (2008). Weight loss programs for urban-based, postpartum African-American women: perceived barriers and preferred components. Maternal Child Health Journal, 12(1), 119-127. Abstract (from CINHAL) There are currently 1.85 million reproductive-aged women in the United States with diabetes or glucose intolerance. While it is known that postpartum weight retention can lead to obesity and diabetes, particularly among African-American women, little is known about African-American womens preferences for postpartum weight loss programs. Our objective was to explore urban-based African-American womens attitudes toward weight gain, perceived barriers to postpartum weight loss, and preferences for weight intervention strategies. METHODS: Focus groups of pregnant African-American women (n = 22) were conducted by a race-concordant moderator. Open-ended questions were posed to stimulate discussions which were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions were independently reviewed by two investigators who extracted quotations and coded each statement to identify major themes. Results: The median age of participants was 26 years. Median pre-pregnancy or first trimester body-mass ind ex was 31 kg/m (2). Fifty-seven percent of the women were multiparous and 68% were Medicaid recipients. We identified 16Show MoreRelatedA Study On Obesity And Obesity3724 Words   |  15 PagesDISTRICT ABUJA. +2348037726861 gentledazy@gmail.com COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSES, HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY: A GUIDE TO PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION. ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity are increasing globally even in developing nations. Nigeria currently does not have national figures on overweight and obesity in adults and adolescents. This shows that it is not yet seen as a priority despite the associated risks. Public health interventions need to be onRead MoreAttitudes And Perceptions Of Immigrants2334 Words   |  10 Pagesto discuss, especially when women, and some men, are at the center of attention. Many individuals feel self conscious of themselves when the discussion of weight is surfaced. Society, in particular the American society, has placed emphasis on being a certain weight, and at the same time viewing a person who is over a specific size as overweight and undesirable, as well as having a low socioeconomic status (SES). In comparison to the American society, in the African society, an individual’s weightRead MoreRural Health : The Great Melting Pot1793 Words   |  8 Pagesthe research conducted within the United States suggests that rural populations endure greater health disparities than their urban counter parts. â€Å"The term health disparities refer to distinct patterns of differences in health status and well-being across population groups.† (Huff, Klin e, Peterson, 2015, p. 102) The struggles rural Americans face is not defined as much by race as they are by a person’s culture and ethnicity. In this paper, minorities are defined as Black/African Americans, AmericanRead MoreThe Extensive Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease 2480 Words   |  10 Pagesupon the people who give support to the affected. The expenses of Alzheimer’s are so high that the disease has caused a financial epidemic through out the nation. Through research, it has been concluded that Alzheimer’s is the most expensive disease to be effected by, beating cardiac diseases and many others that are currently plaguing the nation. Scope of the Problem Among the top causes of death in America, Alzheimer’s ranks at number six in the United States. In 2013, this disease afflicted 5.2Read MoreRacism And Its Effects On Mental Health Status2068 Words   |  9 Pagesrelated to elevated levels of blood pressure in blacks although this association has not always been found. Another significant psychological effect of racism is its attack on the ego identity of its victims. Negative images of blacks are pervasive in American culture. The age-old proverb that sticks and stones may break my bones but words can never hurt me does not ring true for the effect that believing hurtful words and negative cultural images can have on an individual s health. This idea of

Career Plan For A Career - 1872 Words

1.0 Introduction This career portfolio aims to plan and organize my career after completing the current postgraduate degree. First, my ideal job has provided the general direction for my broader career. Through acquiring the relevant information concerning my career, the S.M.A.R.T short term and long term goals can be formulated to facilitate me to carry out the career planning. Besides, the specific industry, which I intend to be working on, will be analyzed so that the potential career opportunities and challenges can be identified. Therefore, some related strategies will emerge to help me realize the goal and my wonderful career gradually. 2.0 My career To imagine my desired career in the future, it’s essential to understand why I work. It’s not only for survival, but also for recognizing by others to realize mine self-worth (Brown Lent 2012, pp.2-3). These values are meaningful for me to elicit the mindful commitment to develop the perfect career. Thus, career refers to a series of working activities which are implemented in order to achieve the purpose of work. Establishing my own hotel is my ideal career purpose, certainly there will be lots of little milestones as transition, such as becoming a hotel manager within a period of time. Hence, my perception is similar to the academic definition, but more focus on the overall working aim. In order to achieve the target, the proper career management is required to make progress during the career. Apart from theShow MoreRelatedCareer Plan For A Career Development Plan1228 Words   |  5 Pages Career Development Plan Vivian Morgan A career development plan will help you improve or maintain your current level of success and prepare for future opportunities. The career development plan will aid in enhancing my personal growth and heighten my career development. Goals or plans give you the push to move forward in life and to seek better skills that lead to top jobs and positions. This plan includes sections for the following process: 1. Assess my current state. Identify goals and objectivesRead MoreCareer Development Plan For A Career Plan2386 Words   |  10 PagesCareer Development Plan The fundamental role of any aspiring professional is the development of a distinctive career plan. Although the development of a career plan may seem simple but it does require careful thoughtful planning and effort. Determining career goals and objectives, allows for the assessment of current skills, talents, and the realistic ability to attain the predetermined goals at the end of the plan. The goals determined in a career plan should be achievable and considered the startingRead MoreCareer Plan For A Career938 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Purpose To pursue a career in nursing would mean entering a career that will test you both emotionally and physically. The job demands your heart and will question your sense of ethics between right/wrong but the endless rewards you can reap from this field makes every sacrifice worthwhile. When I was an inexperienced nurse starting off, I was caught off guard with the impact of change I was able to bring to my patients. While only being limited to the inpatient setting, those 12 hourRead MoreCareer Development Plan For A Career Plan2386 Words   |  10 PagesCareer Development Plan The fundamental role of any aspiring professional is the development of a distinctive career plan. Although the development of a career plan may seem simple but it does require careful thoughtful planning and effort. Determining career goals and objectives, allows for the assessment of current skills, talents, and the realistic ability to attain the predetermined goals at the end of the plan. The goals determined in a career plan should be achievable and considered the startingRead MoreMy Career Plan For A Career1554 Words   |  7 PagesMy Career Plan I am an undergraduate student in Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis; my major is Electrical Engineering, this is my senior year in my undergraduate degree. Even I am going to graduate after this year, looking ahead at what is coming in the future makes reality sink in. It feels like I just started college a couple of months ago and looking for career far years away. In general, people all want to have a job that can makes lots of money, live in a spacious home and driveRead MoreCareer Plan For A Career Development1706 Words   |  7 Pagestutorial in coaching and teaching people how to become and remain successful leaders. This is equate to putting the cart before the horse, as students need to first plan on having a successful career before planning on extending their vocation into a formal leadership role in their organization. Hansen and Tovar (2013) suggested that career development, and subsequently becoming a good leader, is a lifelong process that requires th e motivation to continue to grow by taking a methodical approach intoRead MoreCareer Plan2369 Words   |  10 PagesFleischman Soc 4587 Four Examples of Career Plans CAREER PLAN EXAMPLE 1 Looking ahead at what is coming in the next month makes reality sink in. It feels like I just started college a couple of months ago and looking for a career is years away. Looking at the questions in the book makes me realize what type of career I am truly interested in. The many questions of money dwell in everyones minds from time to time. 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I truly thought that was what I wanted to do with my life. If I were told that I would be attending Hanover and no longer had any interest in nursing as a career, I would probably laugh. I was so sure that was what I wanted to do, but since then all my plans have changed. This first semesterRead MoreMy Career Plan For Nursing Career1027 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: I have to admit in preparation of writing my nursing career, I found it very difficult to put a nursing career plan together. Over the past 12 years of my nursing career, I have learned that many of my experiences has molded my character. Nursing has so much to offer and I am fascinated by anything new that I am introduced to. I have worked in various places such as a cardiac transitional care unit, acute care rehab unit, school/camp nurse, in home nurse, and 1:1 nurse to mainstream

Strategic Management of ABC Automobile-Samples- Myassignment

Question: Identify the Ethical, Strategic, Operational and Financial Issues in this Scenario and list them in priority order from most to least Critical. Answer: ABC automobile is one of the leading car manufacturers of Japan with its presence in as many as 100 countries across the world. The automobile company has recently decided to launch a new car in the market which has been designed by the company over a period of 3 years. The automobile is pitted to be one of the best in its class and primary research has revealed that the car will be a game changer in the market. The company has recently appointed me as the manager of overseas operations and has provided me with a bunch of individuals to manage the sales, marketing, finance and operational functions before the launch of the new product. My team has been functioning round the clock and has been travelling to different markets around the globe to promote the new car. All was ok till then but crisis struck in Malaysia. Just before three days when training was scheduled to start in Malaysia the local operational manager of the country informed me that the shipments consisting the training materials did not arrived in the country and he was desperately trying to track down the shipment as because loss of the shipment could mean a delay of more than one month to start the training program afresh. After receiving the news I was completely taken back by the development as the delay would mark a bad reputation for me and would have a negative impact on my career. There were ethical, strategic, operational and financial issues associated in the situation (Girling, 2013). I decided to prioritize them on a proper order from the most to the least critical issues; Strategic Issues- The delay in the launch of the car would mark a negative impact on the business of the company in Malaysia as because the company has already announced the launch dates and bookings have started. The competitive advantage of ABC automobiles in the country will also be impacted (Hsu, Backhouse Silva, 2014). Financial Issues- The management of the company have invested a huge sum on the launch of the product in the mentioned South Asian market and any delay will lead to the escalation of the costs which will create serious problems for the company to re plan the launch program (Meunier Bakker, 2016). Operational Issues- Another main issue is the operational issue as because planning the whole thing over again and acquiring new training resources will certainly be a problem for the operations team. Ethical Issues- The only ethical issue for the company will be the failure of the company to deliver the cars on time (Pinto Magpili, 2015). Being the director of the overseas operations it was a challenge for me to respond positively to the situation. I had very few options available to resolve the situation. The first one was to cancel the product launch altogether and announce a new date while the second one was to go with the original date and launch the product within the stipulated time period. The time was very short and I was desperate to make myself count. I decided to go with the second option and hatched a new plan. As the shipments were missing I decided not to rely on them and ordered a new set of training materials from the head office to be shifted to Malaysia by air. The task was herculean as assembling the shipment and then packing it and sending it to be delivered required huge timing and dedication from the employees. I personally flew to Australia and supervised the whole operation. I announced an incentive for the employees who assembled the new set of materials and working almost for 24 hours a day w e finally managed to transport the materials to Kuala Lumpur one and a half days prior to the launch. A quick training session was conducted by me where I made the employees understand the importance of the crisis situation. The employees responded well and finally our team was successful in launching the product at the stipulated time. However the case could have been different as the launch could have been cancelled given the adverse circumstances. In such a case I will step forward before the management and will take the responsibility of the failure. Apart from this I would propose some measures to make up for the loss in the sales and revenue. I would prepare a proper financial plan to make up for the lost revenue and would implement some proper marketing strategies to increase the sales of the car. The sales would also increase if special discounts are announced for the product. References Girling, P. (2013).Operational risk management. Wiley,. Hsu, C., Backhouse, J., Silva, L. (2014). Institutionalizing operational risk management: an empirical study.Journal of Information Technology,29(1), 59-72. Meunier, P. P., Bakker, A. (2016). How to turn uncertainties of operational risk capital into opportunities from a risk management perspective. Pinto, A. C., Magpili, L. (2015).Operational Risk Management. Momentum Press.

Accounting Theory Leading Automobile Company

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory for Leading Automobile Company. Answer: Introduction and purpose Volkswagen group is considered to be the leading automobile company in the world, headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany. The firm specializes in the design, making and the distribution of passenger and commercial cars, motorcycles, engines, and also turbo machineries (Bebbington, Unerman, and Dwyer, 2014 pp 20). In the past year, the company experienced the emission scandal that resulted to decline in its share prices and sales. 1 (i). VW Group Emission The social contract notion can be used to accentuate the relationship between the organization and the stakeholders pragmatically. The social contract allows the societies who are the principal to monitor the firm activities to ensure that the company operations are carried out in acceptable ways. The contract can be viewed to be an agreement between the corporations and the wider community who provide the entities to use various resources in exchange the society expects the benefits outnumber the costs to the stakeholders. VW is involved in an emission scandal that causes environmental damage through emission of nitrogen oxides to the environment which is unacceptable to the society hence implying that VW has failed the first test of test of relevance. The outcome has an A bearing on the monetary, civil and communal benefit to the society from which it derives the right to function (Meiners, 2011). VW appears to carry out its activities beyond the bounds to what the society deems to be a behavior that is socially acceptable. The company hence loses its legitimacy and the Society ultimate may revoke the contract for VW to continue the operations. Under the legitimacy perspective, VW emission scandal will motive the company to change the level of their social and environmental disclosures as a response to the perceived legitimacy treat to the emission scandal. In the subsequent periods, VW will consider to include the appropriate social and environmental disclosures in the annual reports. The annual report is chosen as a statutory document and is a document that VW seek to establish its social imagery. The report addresses the stakeholders and is considered a way the firm managed the external impression and indicated the corporate social responsiveness. 1 (ii). Application of relevant systems based theories The management for VW Group will react following the media announcement of the emission scandal to attain legitimacy in ways such as VW Group management will seek to pragmatically educate and inform the society about the actual changes to the performance of the firm and the activities The management will strive to modify the community perception but not change the behavior (Moore, 2013). The management would manipulate the perception of the society by deflecting the attention from the issue of emission to other related matters. The management at VW Group would also provide information that seeks to offset the negative news which has been made public through the reports from the media and also draw attention on its strengths (Onuf, 2012). 1 (iii) Application of specific systems based theories The other companies in the automotive industry will increase the level of environmental and social disclosures to demonstrate that their activities will continue to be acceptable pragmatically. However, the adverse event articulated by the emission scandal is unlikely to happen to them (Barnes, 2013). Studies accentuate that the threat of legitimacy in the automotive industry may not be caused by direct involvement in the incident but rather to the overall impact of the of the VW emission scandal on the society perception toward the entire industry. The emission scandal is a major environment incident, and it results in legitimacy threat. Therefore according to legitimacy theory companies that operate in the automotive sector would change their social and environmental disclosures. 2 (i) How the share market reacted to the media announcement of the emission scandal Following the companys media announcement of the emission scandal, there was a significant reaction and implication on the VWs Group share price. Volkswagen AG lost an approximately quarter of its market value after the company admitted to cheating on the United States of America air pollution tests for several periods of time thus putting significant pressure on Chief on the Chief Executive Officer, Martin Winterkorn to repair the company reputation of the world biggest car manufacturers. Volkswagen Company share price basically dropped by 23% from $262.84 to $183.57 after admitting the diesel emission cheat because it was determined that the company was only fixing the chemicals compounds into the car fuel tank only when there was a testing (Bonin, 2013). The company share price dropped to $123.80 in September, 2015, When a Volkswagen car was on the road the control for smoke emission is switched off which resulted in the vehicles emitting up to 40 times more nitrogen oxide, pollut ants that what the United States of America legal limit in the real world driving. Another reaction and an implication that arise from the scandal is that the overall company share price lost approximately one-third of its total value after 18th September 2015 and also more than 50% immediately after its peak which was April 2015. This aspect led to the company CEO to resign because of the enormous pressure from the United States of America to pay back a large amount of fines imposed on the company. In general, other German car manufacturers also felt the dropped in share prices by the emission scandal. BMW share price dropped by at least 4.9% and Daimlers share price dropped by 5.8%. 2 (ii) Market reaction to Volkswagen Company Based on the case study, the market reactions to the Volkswagen Company media announcement imply market inefficiency. Most of the company automobiles could not be purchased in several countries because of the fear of side effects that are caused by the emission of smoke that contains high nitrogen content (Deegan, 2013). The nitrogen oxides emitted by the company vehicles as a result of the defeat device cause several respiratory problems like bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema which led to more than 50,000 deaths in the United States of America. This aspect resulted in significant fines imposed by the United States of America as a result of cheating. Under the United States of America Clean Air Act, Volkswagen Group presently faces $18 Billion in penalties and fines up to $37.5 for every car owned by the group in the United States of America. 3 Why the share prices of other automobile companies changed following Volkswagen Company share price change Basing on the efficient market theory, the share prices of other car manufacturers changed following VW share price change since the market was based o the general assumption that there were a large numbers of rational, profits making investors in the whole marketplace. The consumers perception changed following the information that the nitrogen oxide emitted by the car is harmful to their health (Kottasova, 2015). Customers basically declined using any German automobiles because of the perception that all of them were not healthy to be driven by their customers. Therefore, in this aspect, the stock price is an unbiased reflection of all available information and represented the best estimate of the stock price actual value. According to the market efficiency theory, it states that the securities prices usually reflect all the available information that includes private information. The share prices of other automobile companies changed following the Volkswagen Company share price change because of the changes in customers preferences (Guidry, and Patten, 2012). Customers all over the world switched their tastes from the German made automobiles because of the Volkswagen Company scandal in the United States of America. Basing on the behavioral finance theory, there are vital behavioral and psychological variables that are involved in shareholders investment in the stock market that usually provides diverse opportunities for smart investors to profits. From the Volkswagen Company scandal in the United States of America, there was a significant fall in the market for German automobiles that led to the decrease in the share price of other companies because investors tried to avoid any loss of profit that results to low dividends and capital gains. The share prices of other companies declined because of negative information collected by the investors concerning the Germany automobiles (Schroeder, Clark, and Cathey, 2011). According to the rational expectation theory, the theory is usually based on the assumption that several potential customers and investors are rational and make intelligent economic decisions after weighing up all available data and they used their intelligence in their own self-interest. 4. Problems that occur with the use of profit as unit of measurement of a company success Even though profits is a clear goal for the management of VW Group it, however, should not be considered to be a unit of measure for the success of the entity (Shouhua, and Chunhua, 2012). Some of the problems when profit is seen as a measure of achievement of the company include; Profits ignore the timing of returns. It equates a dollar that is acknowledged at the moment with the dollar that is set to be received in the future. In fact, the dollar that is received at present is priced more than the dollar that should be expected in the yet to come period which is an incorrect position. The critics of profits argue that profits ignore the risk that is associated with a stream of the cash flow of the VW Group. For example, the total proceeds from the various activities may be same, but the profit for one business may fluctuate widely than the profit of the other activity. VW Group is a large-scale corporate hence it has different stakeholders such as owners of stock, managers, the employees, the customers and the suppliers who are directly connected with the organization (Hawkins, Coney, Best, 2015). The interest of each stakeholder colludes hence the sole objective of profit cannot be achieved. Where a firm keeps profits as the only aim, the company might commit practices that are unfair to maximize the profits. Conclusions In conclusions, the scandal led to the company share price dropped from $262.84 to $183.57 after admitting the diesel emission cheat since it was determined that the firm was only fixing the chemicals components into the car fuel tank only when there was a testing. According to the company, the emission scandal was a greater environment event, and it led to legitimacy threat as firms that operate in the automotive sector would change their environmental and social disclosures. VW Group scandal led to decrease of prices of other car firms following the VW Group share price change since of the changes in consumers tastes and preferences. Bibliography Barnes, B., 2013. The elements of social theory. Routledge. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Onuf, N.G., 2012. World of our making: rules and rule in social theory and international relations. Routledge. Guidry, R.P. and Patten, D.M., 2012, June. Voluntary disclosure theory and financial control variables: An assessment of recent environmental disclosure research. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 81-90). Elsevier. Hawkins, D. I., Coney, K. A., Best, R. J. 2016. Consumer behavior: Implications for marketing strategy. Dallas, TX: Business Publications. Kottasova, 2015, 'Volkswagen emission cheating costs Qatar $5 billion', CNNMoney, 22 September. 'Meet John German: the man who helped expose Volkswagen's emissions scandal, The Guardian, 26 September 2015. https://www.autoblog.com/2015/09/23/researcher-how-vw-got-caught/. Meiners, J 2011, 'Volkswagen's Big Game of Risk: The Ambitious Plan for World Domination', Car and Driver. December. Moore T, 2015 Volkswagen CEO quits amid emissions cheating scandal, The Washington Post, 23 September. Onuf, N.G., 2012. World of our making: rules and rule in social theory and international relations. Routledge. Shouhua, Z. and Chunhua, T., 2012. Environmental Accounting: Theory Review and Enlightenment [J]. Accounting Research, 2, p.003. Schroeder, R.G., Clark, M.W. and Cathey, J.M., 2011. Financial accounting theory and analysis: text and cases. John Wiley and Sons.

Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain Essay Example

Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain Essay Acupuncture as a nonconventional intervention for chronic cervix hurting Introduction IntroductionNeck hurting has been classified as one of the commonest jobs among the people. This status arises from assorted upsets or it may arise from tissues located at the cervix ( Hush. et Al. . ( 2009 ) . The cervix is besides known as a cervical spinal column. The cervixs construction is characterized by vertebrae which run from the upper trunk to the skull’s base. The stableness of the spinal column is associated to ligaments and musculuss that run along the vertebrae ( National Institutes of Health. ( 2013 ) . A neck’s chief importance is its mobility and the support it accords to the caput. It is prone to hurts because it is non offered much protection like the remainder of the spinal column. Injuries usually cause less and restricted mobility and triggers NAIP. Unfortunately neck hurting are non accorded earnestness. most people treat the cervix hurting as impermanent. There are alone instances where the symptoms do non travel off and therefore diagnosing and corresponding intervention is required ( American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons ( 2013 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acupuncture as a nonconventional treatment for chronic neck pain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Researchers ( De Loose. V. . Burnotte. F. . Cagnie. B. . Stevens. V. . A ; Van Tiggelen. D. ( 2008 ) . have found out that the strivings are caused by several factors such as wear and tear. sprains and abnormalcies of the cervix tissue. There is grounds of cervix strivings originating from other strivings such as arm or shoulder strivings ( De free. 2008 ) . Normally activities such as utmost decompression sicknesss of the cervix. falls and vehicle accidents can do cervix hurts. In certain state of affairss harm of the cervix can damage the spinal column doing palsy. Research workers have besides found out that Spondylosis which occurs in people above the age of 40. adds strains to make out articulations making a way for chronic cervix hurting. But the status is treatable through both conventional and nonconventional methods. Research workers and physicians have identified stylostixis as a nonconventional intervention method which is a really effectual method for handling chronic cervix strivings. Researcher ( Blosssfeldt. 2004 ) . says that. stylostixis is deriving impulse as a popular nonconventional intervention method for chronic cervix hurting. He besides adds that. the method has been good tolerated and has low hazard of inauspicious effects. ( Liang et al. 2008 ) says that. a combination of both traditional and modern stylostixis technique normally result in a documented and improved cervix hurting forms. ( Blossfeldt. 2004 ) adds that stylostixis is widely accepted and it is utilized as a complementary therapy utile in cervix hurting direction arising from cervical spondylitis. Research workers have carried out surveies associating to acupuncture systematic reappraisal with an purpose to happen out on stylostixis effectivity. The surveies have found effectiveness grounds as inconclusive ( salter et Al. 2004 ) . There are surveies which have produced consequences which are positively favoring stylostixis and there are other consequences which have produced negative findings on the effectual of the method ( salter et Al. 2004 ) . Due to the varying consequences. this research was developed to happen out on the effectivity of stylostixis method as a non-conventional method in intervention of chronic cervix strivings in relation to other research findings. In regard to national wellness statistics and studies. Survey data analysis can be used by medical professionals to mensurate the hurting degrees of patients before and after stylostixis intervention. Gathering consequences from assorted surveies and comparing with the constructions of stylostixis and preventative steps of cervix strivings can assist us find on the effectivity of stylostixis as a intervention method. In this literature reexamine the research worker will reexamine on 1 ) how to set up the viability of stylostixis therapies in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting ; 2 ) apprehension of how assumed. shoal and randomised stylostixis therapies are utilized in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting ; 3 ) supply a conclusive grounds of the success of stylostixis as an ideal method of alleviating hurting ; 4 ) set up the effects of the three stylostixis therapies in the intervention of persons with chronic hurting of the cervix ; 5 ) offer recommendation of the viability of stylostixis as a intervention option that can be used by people with chronic cervix strivings. The research worker will besides compare the continuance of stylostixis intervention with other methods and besides the cost associated and hazard factors thereof. METHODOLOGYTarget PopulationThe research informations collected in this survey focused on patients enduring from chronic cervix hurting. The persons used in the research fell within the age of 21 and 55 old ages old. Although there are many patients who report about cervix hurting complaints in different wellness attention installations across the United States. patients withinthe ages of 21 and 55 old ages old were ideal for this research survey. This was due to the fact that they were easier to track their advancement of mending over a longer period of clip. Aged patients over the age of 55 old ages were non best placed in this research sing the assorted properties in the healing procedures of such people. which was proven to be comparatively lower. Most of the information aboutindividuals with chronic hurting of the cervix was indiscriminately collected in wellness attention installations in the State of California. United States. The bulk of these patients were diagnosed with chr onic cervix hurting and were put under a particular focal point while three stylostixis methods of therapies were performed ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . The survey by and large involved a thorough probe of 191 patients in California’s wellness attention. It is of import to admit that the assorted patients were intentionally initiated to acupuncture intervention as their determination to seek the alternate medical pattern after unsuccessful interventions in the mainstream medical processs. There were surely no restriction on the sex of the patients ; hence the research involved both male and female patients. Additionally. there was no specified figure of male or females in the survey. as patients. intervention and advancement of intervention of patients was indiscriminately taken. Further. it was assumed that both male and female patients presented similar responses to the different stylostixis therapies performed in the survey ( Sun et al. 2009. p. 850 ) . The research was non limited by either ethnicity or race. although believed to hold different features in respect to assorted medical processs. Variables of the studyThe dependant variables in this survey included the cervix hurting as an complaint caused by assorted facets such as physical hurt and disease or status among others. The rates of instances affecting chronic cervix strivings during the period of this survey were by and large unprecedented as the causes of such complaints greatly varied. Chronic cervix hurting among the patients varied in respect to the specific causes. which in this instance included degenerative phonograph record disease. neck hurt. cervix strain. herniated phonograph record every bit good as pinched cervix ( Sun et al. 2009. p. 850 ) . The first measure in the intervention process involved a thorough diagnosing of common cervix infections that caused the chronic hurting. The research exploits intervention of such cervix strivings utilizing stylostixis which falls into three classs including optimized stylostixis. shallow stylostixis and assumed stylostixis. Research LimitationsThe cardinal restrictions were based on cervix hurting due to common infection like virus infection of the cervix and lymph nope swelling. every bit good as other infections such as TB of the cervix. meningitis. and infection of spine castanetss around the cervix. It was hard in the survey since some of patients did non present themselves on the twenty-four hours of the survey. The survey besides used a big figure of patients which was a challenge for the research worker. The different patients involved in this survey had chronic cervix strivings attributed to highly different causes. which included physical hurts. some rare infections. and virus infections among others ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . The patients with this job are by and large taken through the three stylostixis therapies. regardless of the cause of their status ( Hush 2004. p. 1533 ) . The fact that all patients are uniformly taken into similar medical processs without being categorized in relation to th eir specific cause of chronic cervix hurting remain as the greatest restricting property of this research. Additionally. clip was a confining factor since the clip allowed for the research was non plenty to expeditiously undertake critically the aims of the survey. Research standards and Database usedIn this survey. the points were collected through seeking equal reviewed journal articles and hence. the research worker exhaustively searched in assorted databases for article that provided information for patients enduring from chronic cervix strivings. specifically those persons between the age of 21 and 55 old ages old. The research worker farther categorized the informations collected to organize two groups of patients of the age bracket of 21 and 34 old ages and those between 35 and 55 old ages old. The creative activity of these two groups was indispensable as taking a wider scope of people of ages 21 to 55 old ages old would show comparatively a higher divergence in the healing processes of the patients. as those above the age of 35 old ages present a much longer period of mending as compared to the vernal 21 to 34 old ages group. The research worker focused the hunt on SPORT Discus. Academic Search Premier. BMJ Research Articles and Gov. . database. Keywords used in the studyThe key footings the research worker normally used while seeking for the relevant articles included: Chronic cervix hurting. cervical hurting types of stylostixis. alternate medical specialty. Sham stylostixis. Shallow stylostixis and Randomized stylostixis. OVERVIEW OF ACUPUNCTURE PRACTICEPracticing stylostixis started many centuries ago as a type of medicine in China. It is the pattern of engrafting acerate leafs at certain points of the human tegument as a signifier of therapy. In stylostixis patterns. there is no engagement of drugs but merely the acerate leafs are adequate to carry through the therapy ( Liang et al. 8 ) . The pattern originated from China and has been noted to distribute all over west of Europe ( Liang et al. 8 ) . As argued by the theoretical account on Chinese medical specialty. the specific topographic points that the stylostixis acerate leafs are placed prevarications on the way named acmes where the dynamic energy goes through. hence leting its entree to command and modulate the flow of energy which is believed to be the cause of force instability ( Willich et Al. 2006. p. 98 ) . Populations and AcupunctureAcupuncture has been practiced in several parts globally. particularly in Europe even though it is in its origin phases in the United States. Harmonizing to NHI study done in the twelvemonth 2007 that besides considered the usage of CAM in America. where 1. 4 % of the respondents were found to be utilizing stylostixis before so. The 3. 1 million of the American population claimed they merely pattern it majorly for terrible megrim and insistent hurting. The survey showed that half of the respondents used stylostixis to handle chronic cervix hurting ( Sun et al. 2009. p. 850 ) . The pattern should evidently be regarded by doctors as an ideal intervention penchant due to the backup it has received from those persons who have used it in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting. Subsequently. the survey did non curtail the grownups establishing on their gender due to limited research. CHRONIC NECK PAINChronic cervix hurting is an complaint that is characterized by hurting in the cervix that lasts for an remarkably long period of clip. normally over a period of three months ( Blossfeldt. 2004 ) . Although different from the common medical conditions of cervix strivings that last for lone yearss. chronic cervix hurting is typically an complaint that takes even old ages without success in its intervention in the mainstream medical patterns ( Irnich. 2002 ) . Chronic cervix hurting is normally associated with a figure of upsets. every bit good as diseases that can affect any of the tissues around the cervix ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . For case. the common causes of this status are strains of the cervix. hurt of the cervix like a herniated phonograph record. pinched phonograph record. or whiplash. and degenerative phonograph record disease. In add-on. chronic cervix hurting is besides linked to common infection like virus infection of the cervix and lymph nope swelling. eve ry bit good as other infections such as TB of the cervix. meningitis. and infection of spine castanetss around the cervix. Some patients besides had chronic cervix strivings caused by highly different causes. which include physical hurts. some rare infections. and virus infections among others. Further. chronic cervix hurting is besides caused by certain infections like virus infection of the cervix and lymph nope swelling. every bit good as other infections such as TB of the cervix. meningitis. and infection of spine castanetss around the cervix. RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC NECK PAINSChronic cervix hurting is by and large caused by legion factors runing from physical hurt to certain infections around the cervix organic structure tissues. Since cervix hurting affects the musculuss around the organic structure countries of the cervix. it becomes painful to travel the cervix ( De Loose. 2008. p. 475 ) . In order to avoid or to forestall cervix strivings for the patients. it is ever indispensable to see remaining off from activities may writhe the cervix and later aggravate the already painful subdivision of the cervix ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . Therisk factors for the hurting normally include hurt from engagement in activities like motor vehicle accidents. Equus caballus siting. contact athleticss and bull equitation among others. devolution of cervical phonograph record besides known as Spondylitis. neck dead set and writhing places ( De Loose. 2008. p. 475 ) . In add-on. it is besides advisable to hold activities that will heighten ce rvix beef uping exercising. every bit good as cervix brace. cut down Television watching use of safety belts in motor vehicles and traveling to the gym for exercising. TYPES OF ACUPUNCTURE USED IN CHRONIC NECK PAIN TREATMENTOptimized stylostixis therapyThe pattern of optimized stylostixis therapy involves the use of traditional stylostixis. which is normally followed by intradermic needle therapy. normally referred to as INT ( Hush 2004. p. 1533 ) . The usage of OAT normally consists of the usage of nine stylostixis points typically selected for an optimized stylostixis therapy group on the advice and consensus of the national adept commission of the OAT processs. In this instance. four points are later located by physician meaning to execute the OAT. The points selected are normally the cervical positive reactions planes found in the top and underside of the cervical planes every bit good as horizontally off from the corresponding cervical vertebra ( Witt 2004. p. 99 ) . The survey found that this type of stylostixis pattern is extremely sensitive and therefore the demand to be performed by an person with more than five of pattern experiences Sham stylostixis therapyThe pattern is put into usage merely as a tool for control in the scientific research in order to mensurate the efficiency of existent stylostixis in assorted disease intervention. This type of stylostixis involves the usage of tegument perforating shallow acerate leafs on the specified fake groups’ stamp points. The stamp points that are used in this method of stylostixis therapy are categorized as the cardinal countries recommended for the stylostixis. which are the Ah Shee. besides referred to as oh yes point . The points are important in this therapy and have to be used throughout the intervention process. Typically. the location of fake points is normally defined by 25mm sidelong widening to the standard location used for the OAT group. They include: the assumed point of Dazhui ( GV14 ) 25mm. which is 25 millimeter vertically below the usual criterion GV14. fake points of ( S115 ) Jianzhongshu and Huatuojiaji. which is 25 mm sidelong to standard S1 15 ( Liang et al. 8 ) . After the assumed stylostixis. persons undergoing the procedure or patients are treated through the usage of point pressure ( De Loose. 2008. p. 475 ) . The findings show that a patient does non detect whether it is assumed or existent stylostixis being used. The consequences showed that the fluctuation between existent and assumed patterns are caused by addiction or the control effects. If the existent stylostixis is efficient compared to the fake. so the addiction and control effects such as outlooks of the patient. behaviour and beliefs are present. Shallow stylostixis therapyShallow stylostixis group undergoes similar processs as the other OAT groups. However. the doctors are required to infix the acerate leafs in a perpendicular mode in order to make the hypodermic degree at a specified deepness of non more than 3 millimeter ( Salter et al. 2004 ) . Needle use or any other esthesis is prohibited in this peculiar group. Ultimately. after the shallow stylostixis. the patients are to boot treated by INT through the usage of a similar method as in the other OAT groups. It was found that the therapy do non to the full handle the hurting to the full due to its shallow incursion hence the demand for extra intervention that follow the same processs. It consequences to a more efficient intervention in comparing to other therapies though takes much clip ( Salter et al. 2004 ) . ACUPUNCTURE AS AN IDEAL METHOD COMPARED TO PHYSIOTHERAPYZhuang ( 2012 ) ; Robertshawe. ( 2008 ) . compares the usage of stylostixis and physical therapy in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting in a research that took topographic point in China. The research involved showing of a sum of 310 patients. The patients were so indiscriminately split into two equal groups. where one group was treated utilizing stylostixis method. while the other group received intervention through physical therapy. The result of the intervention of the two processs revealed that patients treated under stylostixis processs had better consequences in alleviating cervix hurting. peculiarly after a period of three months. It is indispensable to admit that physical therapy is an alternate medical pattern that can be used in the intervention of chronic cervix hurting. While stylostixis therapies by and large used sterilizes acerate leafs that are normally inserted in the country around the cervix depending o n the type of stylostixis used. physical therapy does non affect the usage of acerate leafs. Physiotherapy utilizes several types of use every bit good as exercising to alleviate hurting. The common illustration of the usage of physical therapy is the stretch. strengthen and unbend up exercising motions of the cervix ( Robertshawe. 2008 ; Willich. 2006 ) . Effects OF ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENTWhite. ( 2001 ) ; Ji-Eun. ( 2010 ) . researched about the inauspicious effects following a usage of stylostixis to handle patients with chronic cervix hurting. In his study. which included a prospective study of 32. 000 audiences with physical therapists and physicians. the research worker. Adrian White aimed at determining the incidence of inauspicious effects that are related to acupuncture intervention. as practiced by British physicians during that clip. The research utilised informations that were collected for the June of 1998 to February of 2000. from a sum of 78 acupuncturists. Altogether the resulting important effects were 43. later giving merely a rate of merely 14 patients of the 10. 000 patients included in the information. The consequences of this survey showed that merely 0. 14 per centum of the patients who used stylostixis in the intervention of chronic hurting experience inauspicious effects ( White. 2001 ) . All the inauspicious effe cts were reported to hold had cleared within the period of one hebdomad after the therapy. Similar decreasing effects were characterized at a longer period. except for merely one incident that lasted for several hebdomads. The consequence derived from the information of stylostixis intervention did non describe any serious inauspicious effects. The rates can merely be classified as minimum sing that it was merely 14 inauspicious effects out of the entire 10. 000 patients who were analyzed with the informations provided ( White. 2001 ; Ji-Eun. 2010 ) . By and large. these consequence rates do non give important hazard per single patient. Recommendation ON ACUPUNCTURE’S VIABILITYThe article by Chen. et Al. . ( 2010 ) . offers sole positions on stylostixis given by assorted doctors. The research by Chen among other writers who contributed to the article. there study marks roll uping information that addresses the function of stylostixis in the direction of hurting in respect to sentiments of doctors who manage such conditions. The research was conducted between 2007 and 2008 utilizing a countrywide electronic mail to 1083 doctors who were in active stylostixis pattern in the United States. Chan et Al. . ( 2010 ) found that the overpoweringly bulk of the respondents of the study had a positive attitude and favourable experience of the usage of stylostixis as an alternate mode in the direction of chronic hurting. The consequences of the study later indicate that stylostixis is considered effectual by doctors in the direction of chronic cervix hurting. CASE STUDIES: Acupuncture for patients with chronic cervix painWitt et Al. . ( 2006 ) undertook the survey in analyzing how effectual stylostixis as an alternate intervention for cervix hurting intervention in comparing to patients who used everyday medical attention. The survey used a random attack of more than 14000 persons aged above 18 enduring from cervix hurting symptoms within a period of 6 months. Besides took a non-acupuncture for 15 Sessionss within a period of 3 months. The stylostixis class were given injections without any other stylostixis intervention. The group which was controlled was non treated utilizing stylostixis but both groups could utilize any other manner of intervention. The survey found out that patients utilizing everyday attention and add on stylostixis intervention showed important betterments in both hurting and quality of their lives in comparing to patients who merely used everyday interventions. Therefore. the consequences concludes that stylostixis can be used aboard everyday interventions to accomplish optimum consequences. Efficacy and safety of acupunctureVas. et Al. ( 2006 ) conducted a survey to set up the effectivity of stylostixis vis a vis placebo. Both methods were to be utilized to handle chronic cervix strivings that were non complicated. ( N=123 ) patients. who were over the ages 17 and who possessed chronic cervix strivings for over 3 months were used. They were indiscriminately selected into 2 groups. the stylostixis group and placebo group. For 3 hebdomads. the stylostixis group was treated with 5 stylostixis interventions. The intervention features were. 30 proceedingss intervention followed by 10 proceedingss manual interventions. While the placebo group was subjected to transdermal nervus stimulation. which was characterized by 30 proceedingss of intervention and the potentiometer was being adjusted after every 10 proceedingss. The findings from this survey were that. stylostixis as a signifier of cervix intervention had minimum side effects. For overall effectivity. stylostixis was found to hold higher effectivity than placebo. Researchers once and for all said that. stylostixis was effectual. DISCUSSIONIn its wide context. this research has dwelled in covering all the related stuff on stylostixis and particularly its effectivity in intervention of stylostixis. Most are the surveies which have found considerable effectivity and a few surveies have found less important betterment in stylostixis usage. The research workers ( salter et al. 2006 ; Liang et Al 2012 ; Chen et al 2010 ; vas et al 2006 ) have favourably recognized stylostixis as an effectual non-conventional intervention method. From the reappraisal above. it is apparent that all the methods of stylostixis are effectual in intervention of chronic cervix strivings. Sham. optimisation and shallow stylostixis all have a capacity of effectivity when administered good. The assorted surveies by salter have provided solid practical grounds and information on patients’ wellness upon utilizing all the three types of stylostixis in intervention of patients and persons ( salter et al 2004 ) . For illustration in 2007. a national wellness interview study in America found that. 1. 4 % of respondents have used stylostixis to handle chronic cervix strivings. That per centum reported success. which is a testament to stylostixiss effectiveness ( National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 ) . ( Blossfeldt. 2004 ) in his research notes that. acupuncture optimized technique success rate was a favourable 68 % . Blossfeldt besides noted that. on short term footing. stylostixis was 78 % effectual. while on long term footing it was 49 % effectual. Salter besides found out on effectivity of stylostixis. The cervix hurting questionnaire that he used for a period of 3 months. found out that. of the 34 % of the patients who have cervix strivings. 14 % of these have efficaciously used stylostixis therapy ( salter et al 2004 ) another research worker Liang. who conducted surveies in China in association with other bookmans. they found out that optimized stylostixis as a method of handling chronic cervix strivings was really effectual. Although I extensively performed research on a broad scope of databases. there are some articles that may hold been missed out. Since I was separately carry oning this research entirely. it is possible that the big figure of important articles were later overlooked. In add-on. there are many external factors that could hold influenced the full consequence of the usage of stylostixis as an ideal intervention for chronic cervix hurting. The bulk of surveies somewhat differ in a figure of issues such as informations collected. population. or any of combinations of these factors. White ( 2001 ) exactly researched about the inauspicious events following a usage of stylostixis to handle patients with chronic cervix hurting. with an utmost figure of respondents. Chen. L. et Al. . ( 2010 ) . had a comparatively smaller figure of respondents. and besides had aggregation of informations to be collected merely through electronic mail in his research on the effectivity of stylostixis in the dire ction of chronic hurting in the cervix. These are some of the factors that were out of the range of the research. hence finding the effectivity of stylostixis was hard. since the facet of effectivity could easy be isolated from some external factors. The analysis of the specific information provided by the surveies of the literature reappraisal of this research paper indicates that either of the three methods of stylostixis can efficaciously handle the chronic cervix hurting. The procedural pattern of fake. shoal and optimized stylostixis. though different. they present similar manner of executing the stylostixis therapy. every bit offering effectual intervention for chronic cervix hurting. Liang et Al. ( 2012 ) asserts that the three types of stylostixis to be based on the idea that lessening or disaffection of hurting can be enhanced by let go ofing the chemicals responsible for barricading hurting. Issues of age in the survey have been considered as the research merely focused on persons between 21 old ages old and 55 old ages. as they are likely to hold a faster period of mending as compared to adult aged groups of more than 55 old ages old. By and large. the usage of stylostixis is illustrated every bit effectual as it has a ntecedently been used to handle patients with chronic cervix hurting. The loopholes evident in the research include the possibility of a anterior cognition in finding the differences that may emerge upon consideration for gender in the intervention plan. In the full survey. there is no individual account of the ratio of females against the males in happening out the effectivity of stylostixis intervention processs. The survey focused on a general position of patients with chronic cervix hurting regardless of their several sex or gender. The cognition of the differences that exist between males and females could hold some effects on the understanding the usage of stylostixis. In add-on. the paper did non concentrate on the causes of the assorted cervix hurting. which could besides compromise the consequences of the survey. sing that such programs are typically attributed to a broad assortment of causes. Subjects that can be considered for farther research are set uping the component of gender in finding the effectivity of stylostixis while handling chronic cervix job. The assorted surveies illustrated in the research paper did non indicate out the importance of understanding differences in the healing procedure of male and female patients with chronic cervix hurting. I suggest a survey be conducted with a major accent on the facet of gender differences between patients in order to find the effectivity of stylostixis intervention for cervix hurting in male and female patients. If this survey is conducted. it will be possible to compare the effectivity of stylostixis intervention between male and female patients within the same wellness status of chronic cervix hurting. Mentions Blossfeldt. P. ( 2004 ) . Acupuncture for Chronic cervix hurting: a cohort survey in an NHS hurting Clinic. 22 ( 3 ) : 146-151. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pubmed/15551941Chen. L. . Houghton. M. . Seefeld. L. . Malarick. C. A ; Mao. Jianren. ( 2010 ) . A Survey of SelectedPhysician Positions on Acupuncture in Pain Management. 11 ( 4 ) . 530-534 Salter. G. C. Roman. M. . Bland. M. J A ; MacPherson. H. ( 2006 ) . Acupuncture for chronic hurting: apilot for randomized controlled test. 7 ( 1 ) : 3-14. Retrieved fromhttp: //www. biomedcentral. com/1471-2474/7/99 Liang. Z. H. . Di. Z. . Jiang. S. . Xu. S. J. . Zhu. X. P. . Fu. W. . A ; Lu. A. P. ( 2012 ) . The optimizedacupuncture intervention for cervix hurting caused by cervical spondylosis: a survey protocol of amulticenter randomized controlled test. 13 ( 1 ) : 2-18. Retrieved fromhttp: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pubmed/22776567 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. ( 2013 ) . cervix hurting. Retrieved fromhttp: //orthoinfo. aaos. org/topic. cfm? topic=a00231Chen. L. . Houghton. M. . Seefeld. L. . Malarick. C. . A ; Mao. J. ( 2010 ) . a study of selected physician positions on stylostixis in hurting direction. Pain Medicine. 11 ( 4 ) . 530-534. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus. De Loose. V. . Burnotte. F. . Cagnie. B. . Stevens. V. . A ; Van Tiggelen. D. ( 2008 ) . Prevalence and hazard factors of cervix hurting in military office workers. Military Medicine. 173 ( 5 ) . 474-479. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Hush. J. M. . Michaleff. Z. . Maher. C. G. . A ; Refshauge. K. ( 2009 ) . Individual. physical and psychological hazard factors for cervix hurting in Australian office workers: a 1-year longitudinal survey. European Spine Journal. 18 ( 10 ) . 1532-1540. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Irnich. D. . Behrens. N. . Gleditsch. J. M. . Stor. W. . Schreiber. M. A. . Schops. P. . A ; †¦ Beyer. A. ( 2002 ) . Immediate effects of dry needling and stylostixis at distant points in chronic cervix hurting: consequences of a randomized. double-blind.

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Merleau-Ponty does not agree with the concept that â€Å"thinking subject can absorb into its thinking or appropriate without remainder the object of its thought†, and that â€Å"our being can be brought down to our knowledge† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:72). For him freedom is a state of consciousness where personal actions and responsibilities can be chosen from a variety of possibilities. For him freedom is every time provided within a field of possibilities. He suggests that freedom is always an option for the being in every situation, unless we give up ourselves and our belonging to the situation. He also goes against the views and arguments of Kant and Descartes who â€Å"de tached the subject, or consciousness, by showing that I could not possibly apprehend anything as existing unless I first of all experienced myself as existing† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:x). It is because to Merleau-Ponty it is only through the body that he â€Å"understand other people, just as it is through my body that I perceive `things`† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:216). Herbert Marcuse – Agency and StructureDate: 19th February 2014 Marcuse in his print One-Dimensional Man offers a different approach to political subjectivity. In his post-Marxist view he criticise the modern world and its contemporary capitalism. He addresses the industrial society, and he blames this capitalist industrialised civilisation for the loss of freedom. Reasonable democratic unfreedom prevails in advanced industrial civilisation (Marcuse, 1964:1). He suggests that the capitalist world produced a reality with created needs which eventually turned human beings into consumers and producers. This is shaped through the media, the management of consumption and contemporary modes of thought regarding what to consume (Marcuse, 1964). He argues that this results in the loss of the freedom of the individual and the loss of critical thought and the loss of oppositional behaviour. He also worries about the working class as they integrate into capitalist world, hence about the disappearance of the revolutionary Marxist society who fights capitalis m and the capitalist West. Michel Foucault – Subject and PowerDate: 26th February 2014 The main focus for Foucault has been on the connection between the subject and power. He argues that by power people are turned into subjects (Foucault, 1982:777). For Foucault subjectivity is viewed as a way to exercise power above others. This is demonstrated through the idea of the Panopticon where in the designed prison, prisoners would not be able to tell whether they are being watched or not. Therefore, they assume that they are being observe hence they act differently while under the assumption of observation. He acknowledges the component of fairly enlightened changes in the way of imprisonment, however he argues that these new method of punishment evolves into the new way in which society is controlled to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better (Foucault, 1977:109). Schools, hospitals and other central significant buildings are being based on the following model. Therefore, he argues that this relationship enters the private by escalating from the public, and tu rning individuals into subjects. Foucault also tries to question and shape the values and elements of Kants Enlightenment via a discussion which should be used as a form of practice, and as motivation to change the way individuals think and act today. Jà ¼rgen Habermas – Communicative FreedomDate: 5th March 2014 Habermas takes the centre of the attention to language and to forms of communication. His term for this is lifeworld communications (Habermas, 1987, p.297). He suggests that this communicative sphere has a vital influence on ones private and public self. Unlike Foucault for Habermas reason must be acknowledged as social. While Foucaults subjectivity is the production of forces of power, Habermas believes that communication in the context of discussion enables individuals to demonstrate their positions in a mutual way. Habermas strongly believes that language and communication can alter the world, subjectivity and also freedom. A man from his private sphere can communicate their choices to the public sphere through the tools of communication and speech, while they also listen to the preferences of other private individuals. Habermas has been influence by Kant and Kants ethics, however he argues that his ethical concept is the improved version of the Kantian one. He does not agree with every point of Kant, such as the dual framework of his ethics. For Habermas, morals emerge from discussions which are fundamental due to their logic, instead of their freedom. John Rawls – Social JusticeDate: 12th March 2014 John Rawls is one of the thinkers who has been most influenced by Immanuel Kant. He proposes that a just society is the society that could be fair to all individuals universally. He created a new concept on justice. He mixes the elements of the philosophy of Kant and Utilitarianism in order to create a new method for the judgement of private and public institutions. Rawls proposes the idea of the usage a veil of ignorance (Rawls, 1999:11). Behind this veil, every individual is incapable of knowing anything about themselves, resulting in rational, free and equal individuals. He then argues that these rational individuals would create a society where mostly two principles would be most significant and fundamental: Principle of Liberty and Principle of Difference. Principle of Liberty is mainly Kantian in the sense that it offers primary and common respect to every individual as the minimum principle for every just establishments. The other one promotes inequality and believes that it w ill serve every individual for the better. Alasdair MacIntyre – Justice in Plural SocietiesDate: 19th March 2014 MacIntyre has been one of the major critics of Kant and those who are basing their theories on the Kantian model. He believes that the moral views and theses of Kant, Rawls and other thinkers are condemned to fail as they used the old irrational dialects of morality. These thinkers are doomed to decline as they share certain characteristics that are deriving from their eminently distinct historical background (MacIntyre, 1985). He claims that the theory of Rawls that is based on the individual and was influenced by the Kantian model does not realise the significance of the community as such. He suggest that the community has a major impact on the life of the individual and it is only possible to create a just society in the public sphere. As he puts it â€Å"a society is composed of individuals, each with his or her own interest, who then have to come together and formulate common rules of life† (MacIntyre, 1981: 232-233). He completely refuses to accept the Rawls-Kantian noti on where society is inferior and the individual is primary. He reaffirms that â€Å"the relationship between me, my social identity, and my good will preclude †¦ re-evaluation† (MacIntyre, 1982:664). Richard Rorty  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Justice as a Larger Loyalty Date: 26th March 2014 Rorty is quiet alike MacIntyre, in the sense that individuals have different identities which pose an influence on the behaviour and actions of the individual. Although his thesis is based on the behaviour of public loyalty to certain companies. He realises the limitations of Kant`s foundationalist theory. He suggest that these theories are like mythological stories where the human brain as such was limited. He believes that it is wise to get rid of the â€Å"residual rationalism that we inherit from the Enlightenment† (Rorty, 2001:235). His main reason for this is that the elimination of rationalistic rhetoric would allow Western countries to purse the Non-Western areas â€Å"in the role of someone with an instructive story to tell, rather than in the role of someone purporting to be making better use of a universal human capacity (Rorty, 2001: 235). Finally, he argues that most of the philosophical debates are unnecessary and the centre of attention should not lay on the tr uth but rather on the betterment of humans. New Materialism Date: 2nd April 2014 New Materialism and the writer of the article, William Connolly draws upon some self-organizing preservation which provide assistance in the foundation of our world. These relating biological, geological and climate systems are seriously undervalued in today`s neoliberal economic markets. The reading engages with many influential thinkers and philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Deacon, Foucault and Hayek. New-materialism reinvents and rethinks the ideology of freedom. Connolly in the reading encourages the left to take back the state and not to relinquish it. Conclusion Date: 2nd April 2014 To conclude, political subjectivity has been a very interesting module to attend in the last semester of my studies. I realised by the end of this tasks that each week my understanding of the different thinkers have developed significantly through the material provided by the module leader. I have discovered new thinkers in the module and broadened my vision of political subjectivity. It raised some serious questions and discussions which seems to be a never-ending position while individuals have their own ideas. Bibliography: Alasdair MacIntyre (1985) After Virtue, chapter 15, Duckworth, pp. 205-225 Arendt, H. (1958) The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press. Arendt, H. (1970) On Violence, Harvest Books. Arendt, H. (2007) ‘Introduction into Politics’. In The Promise of Politics, ed. Kohn, J. Schocken Books Herbert Marcuse (1964) One-Dimensional Man, Routledge Immanuel Kant (1784) ‘What is Enlightenment?’ Isaiah Berlin (1969) ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. In Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press Oxford John Rawls (2004) ‘On Justice as Fairness’. In Clayton and Williams (eds) Social Justice, Blackwell, pps. 49-84, extracts from (1999) Theory of Justice, (revised edition), Harvard University Press (pps. 6-9, 10-19, 52-58, 61-73, 130-39) Jà ¼rgen Habermas (1987) ‘An alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject: Communicative versus Subject-Centred Reason’. In The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, MIT Press (pps. 294-326) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1958; reprinted 2003) ‘Freedom’. In Phenomenology of Perception, Routledge, pp. 504-530 Michel Foucault (1977) ‘Panopticism’. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prisons Richard Rorty (2001) ‘Justice as a Larger Loyalty’. In Festenstein, M. Thompson, S. (eds.), Richard Rorty Critical Dialogues, Polity Press, pps. 223-237 William Connolly (2013) ‘The New Materialism and the Fragility of Things’, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 41, I. 3, pp. 399-412.

Are you pro or against medical science? :: Science Medicine Essays

Are you pro or against medical science? There is a fragile line between obsessiveness and curiosity, when it comes to medical science. As we can see in Mary Shelley's " Frankenstein" Victor is completely obsessed with his idea of creating a monster even though at the end he abandons it. This article is clearly a description of what science should not be. On the contrary Emily Martin's "The body at war " is an obvious example of true science " Martin's analysis reveals that the most powerful metaphor associated with the immune system are those of war and battle and she reflects on the ways in which these war scenes are populated by identities that are gendered, raced and classed"(286). These are two extremes that drive humans to scientific knowledge. The people searching for scientific knowledge to eliminate disease, improving public health, and extending or saving lives VS. the people who, deliberately introduce disease for destruction. For instance recent bio-terrorism events invite speculation on the nature and extent of human capacity for destructive as well as constructive behavior. The question is where do we draw the line between those who create suffering to further their cause and those who strive to alleviate suffering regardless of the cause? In recent history of medical technology or medical science, there have been innumerable advances that have created an extraordinary technological jump in global society. Many aspects of life have improved dramatically, for example Laser surgery for the eyes; a process called Lazik has given those of us with eye problems a different way of "seeing" the world. Another example is the new Gadget called VeriChip; a vitamin size computer chip bearing vital personal information. This chip is surgically implanted under the skin and is used to tell doctors about patients who are allergic to antibiotics. Once injected into the arm, the inch long chip can neither be seen nor felt. Another advancement in Medical technology is G.E( General Electric)company introduce the world's first 4Dimensional ultrasound technology where you can clearly see your future baby. Or what about open heart surgery, cat scans, re-attachment of body parts and pill cocktail that keep HIV infected people alive? Scientifi c and medical breakthroughs we never thought possible. Medical science has provided many solutions to our unanswered questions and has removed our fears, says Michael Bishops article "Enemies of Promise" "Science is the art of the possible, of the soluble" (239).

South America vs. North America

Audrey Hepburn March 4, 2013 Mr. Miller AP U. S. History South vs. North 1800-1850 FRQ: In spite of sharing a country, the Northern and Southern areas of America had many differences and distinctions, which ended up dividing the nation. During the first part of the 1800's the North and the South grew in different ways. In the North, cities were centers of wealth and manufacturing. There were many skilled workers. In the South there was not much manufacturing. There were not many skilled workers. Most of the people were farmers. Money came from plantation crops, like cotton, and slavery was a major piece of their economy.Their respective societies were also diverse. The period between 1800 and 1850 brought rapid population growth throughout the United States. In the North the overall population rose from about 5 million to 31 million during this time. Part of this increase was due to massive immigration. Between 1830 and 1850 over 2 million Irish, German, and other northern Europeans arrived in the United States. Most of them settled in the North. The population of the South was made up of white Americans and enslaved Africans. By 1800 there were about 4 million slaves in America and the United States was the largest slaveholding republic.The total population of the South reached 12 million. The South was an overwhelmingly agricultural region of mostly farmers. Most farmers lived in the backcountry on medium sized farms, while a small number of planters ran large farms, or plantations. The South was ideal for agriculture and had the ability to grow crops in large amounts. However, only one-fourth of the Southern population owned slaves, and most of these were the planters. The rest of the population was made up of white independent farmers, tenant farmers (who rented land and paid the landowners in crops or money), laborers, or frontier families.Most Southerners lived on farms, scattered along the coastal plains and the small farmers in the backcountry. Since th e economy was based on agriculture, industries and towns developed at a slower pace than in the North. There were many small towns along the banks of rivers and the coasts. Only a few large cities developed as trading centers in the South. Plantations were so large and so distant from each other that they became almost self-sufficient, like small towns. Cities in the North thrived as centers of commerce. They were set up along the Atlantic coast and served as centers of trade between the North and Europe.They were hubs of manufacturing of textiles (cloth goods) and other products. Many people from rural New England moved to the cities looking for employment opportunities. In 1800 about 5 percent of the population lived in cities, but by 1850 nearly 15 percent did. Increased trade and manufacturing drew many laborers to town to work. Cities were often crowded and dirty. Not until after 1830’s were harbors and streets improved, sanitation systems were started, and police forces were created. Public services such as education began to take root. The Southern economy was based on agriculture.Crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities. They were raised on large farms, known as plantations, which were supported by slave labor. After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton took over as â€Å"king† of the southern economy. Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seed from the cotton fiber much faster than could be done by hand. This caused a rapid growth and expansion of cotton production. In 1793 Southern farmers produced about 10,000 bales of cotton. By 1835, they were growing over 1 million bales a year.Cotton exports made up two-thirds of the total value of American exports. To clear land and grow cotton, Southerners used slave labor. Slavery was essential for the South’s prosperity. The South had little manufacturing, and Southerners wanted cheap imports. Since t hey exported most of their cotton and tobacco, they believed that high tariffs-–taxes on imported goods—would scare away the foreign markets that bought their goods. For these reasons the South was against tariffs. The North, however, favored high tariffs to protect its industries from foreign competition.The Northern economy was based on many different industries. These included shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining. The majority of people lived on small farms and found that much of the land was suited for subsistence farming—raising food crops and livestock for family use—rather than producing goods to export, or send to other countries. Northerners stated to use their â€Å"ingenuity† to manufacture all kinds of goods. With the use of waterpower and coal for steam plants, manufacturing developed quickly. People realized that the many surrounding waterfalls were cheap source of energy, and the waterpower began to be used to run the factori es. Items such as textiles, iron, and ships were manufactured in great quantities. These goods were traded for foreign products, as well as transported to and from all continents by trading ships. The growth of trade, manufacturing and transportation brought many changes to cities in the North. Cities took on an increasingly important role in determining the culture of the North. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners brought new ideas to the North. The majority of Northerners were Protestant believers.Villages became strong centers of community activities. Cities were important centers of art, culture, and education. Most cities printed newspapers and books and provided many forms of recreation, such as dancing, card playing, and theatre. Both religion and education were organized institutes. Most towns had both schools and churches. Public education grew in the north after the 1830s, but few boys went to secondary school, and college was reserved mostly fo r the wealthy. There were few schools or churches in the South, since neither education nor religion were very organized.The best educated were the sons of planters. On plantations there were sometimes small schools, and often planters hired private tutors to teach their children until they could be sent off to private schools. Small farmers had little or no education. Life in the South revolved around the small, wealthy class of planters and the agricultural system they controlled. Planters were the aristocracy—the upper class—of the South. They lived like country gentleman of England and ran the political and economic life. Plantations were far apart and developed their own communities.Recreational activities included such things as fox hunting, dancing, horseracing, and watching cockfights. During the first half of the 1800s transportation vastly improved, and the size of the United States more than doubled. Methods of long-distance transports, such as steamships an d railroads, affected the South because products could more easily be sold to more distant markets. By 1850 about 9,000 miles of railroad spread across the Southern states. Meanwhile, hundreds of steamboats moved Southern crops to the North and to European markets.Still, this was not nearly as vast a railroad system as the North. Most of the new rail lines were in the North, spanning out to the west. By 1850, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks connected distant parts of the United States. . Canals, mostly built in the North, were also a cheap source of transportation. The Erie Canal was clearly a success for New York commercial activities. Many other cities began to follow suit and within a decade a system of over 3,000 canals provided water transportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the West. By 1850 there were over 88,000 miles of surfaced roads.Although the Northern and Southern states shared many things, in the period of 1800-1850, their disparities began to outshine what they had in common, which helped to lead into the Civil War. Their economies were polar opposites, with the Northern industrializing and the South farming and exporting; their societies were based on two diverse things, the South being an almost aristocratic system and the North focusing on factory work and industrializing. Their governmental ideals differed, especially and so blatantly emphasized in their opinions on tariffs.

How To Write A Synthesis Essay Outline, with Example

How To Write A Synthesis Essay Outline, with Example Writing  a Synthesis Essay Outline Introduction writing Thesis writing Main body writing Conclusion writing Outline example On many occasions, students begin tackling their essay assignments before establishing the various attributes that differentiate essays. It is essential, first of all, to understand the various types of papers that exist and their main features before one begins handling their assignment. A synthesis essay can be described as any written work that seeks to make connections between different parts of a paper with the ultimate goal of presenting a unique theme, topic, or viewpoint. Synthesis essays always use a wide range of sources and this helps to support the author’s claim or stance on a particular topic or theme. The expectation here is that the sources will guide the writers in identifying the connection that exists between different sources from whence a solid theme, viewpoint or perspective will be formed. The implication here is that synthesis essays require a lot of research and students should be prepared for such work. Some students are often in the habit of assuming that this type of essays are out-rightly argumentative essays. However, as it will be discussed below, argumentative essays are only a type of synthesis essays. Therefore, it is essential to understand the differing aspects of all essays for one to be able to write a relevant article. Types of Synthesis Essay There are three types of synthesis essays. Details of each are shown below: 1. Argument Argument synthesis essays are a type of assignment  where the author seeks to present their stance or viewpoint, and supports it using facts from relevant sources. The facts provided to help enhance the author’s stance are often arranged in a logical manner. In most occasions, writers develop different thesis statements despite writing about the same topic. The above is allowed because the argument presented is individual and thus opens to interpretation. There can hence be two different theses from the same topic, and each is declared as an excellent work. 2. Review A review is simply described as a discussion of research that was done in the past. However, unlike regular literature reviews, it also entails a critical analysis of the source used. Its main goal is to affirm the need for more research on a particular topic. It thus seeks to determine the loopholes or the shortcomings of previous research discussions. 3. Explanatory Explanatory essays are also known as background synthesis essays. Unlike the argumentative that requires the author to have a stance, here, the author is only required to present facts about an object, state of affairs, or even a place to further the readers’ understanding. The goal or thesis is not as pronounced as when one is dealing with an argument essay because the author’s focus shifts to objectively organizing and presenting facts. In an argument paper, writers can go beyond the sources reading, when they are trying to make their stance clear. However, in an explanatory synthesis essay, authors are not expected to go beyond the facts that are in the sources provided. Structure of a  Synthesis Essay The first important, but overly forgotten bit is the topic selection. Before a writer thinks of an essay structure, it is essential to ensure that tips concerning topic selection are clear. There is one tip that is almost in every online guide, and it entails the selection of a topic that one is familiar with. The above is vital, or necessary, and will help writers to save time especially during the research. Once the topic is established and decided, the next bit involves the structure of the essay. Like all other essays, the synthesis essay has three main parts: the introduction, the main body, and finally the conclusion. Each section needs to follow certain steps and writers need to be familiar with these steps. Below are some tips on how each part needs to be written: Tips concerning introduction writing An introduction presents the readers with a brief discussion of the topic under review. Here, authors need to be creative and ensure that they capture their audiences’ interest, lest they lose them before they even make time to read the rest of the essay. The issue or topic or theme to be discussed should hence be clearly outlined and the author’s stance should be established in the introduction. Tips on thesis writing A thesis is the author’s main idea or perspective and must always be developed before commencing any work on the perfect essay. It is indeed illogical to develop one’s thesis without first reading the sources. Writers must first read the sources provided and then formulate their opinions on the subject or topic. On most occasions, a thesis statement is included in the introduction as the last sentence. Tips on body paragraphs (length, paragraphs, transition words) Synthesis essays often take after the five-paragraph structure and unless stated otherwise, most have five to seven paragraphs as well as six sentences in each paragraph. Transition words help to indicate that the author is on a different point. In some occasions, readers are left to find the points or themselves, and some end up getting mixed up and never even identifying a single point. Transitional words, for example, firstly, subsequently, additionally, etc. help to notify the readers that the author has moved on to the next point. Each paragraph must have a topic sentence, and these help building on the author’s thesis statement. An explanation of the topic sentence is also of the essence. Evidence from the sources used must also be provided, and the significance of whichever source must also be included. Tips on conclusion writing A conclusion can be said to be the easiest of these sections because the author is only expected to state the importance of their stance or viewpoint and provide a summary of the points discussed. While in most occasions authors finish their work flatly, in a synthesis essay one is supposed to be creative and include an ending that will elicit some thoughts from the audience. Example of Outline on Synthesis Essay about Global Warming Introduction Definition of global warming. Briefly mentioning some of the causes of global warming, for example, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, increase in pollution levels, and industrialization. Mention some of the effects of global warming, for example, an increase in temperature, increase in sea levels which subsequently leads to flooding, etc. Thesis statement –assert that the world’s temperature level is rising and that the world needs to work together to help reduce the rate at which the temperature levels are rising. Main Body Paragraph 1–Mention IPCC’s assertion that the world’s sea levels will rise by 7 – 23 inches by the end of the current century. Include why this is important and will help build on the thesis statement. Paragraph 2 –The rise in temperature by 1.4 Fahrenheit degrees since 1880. Provide evidence of the above and mention the significance of this point. Paragraph 3 –The rapid melting of ice in the Arctic and the expectation that the region will soon have an ice free summer. Paragraph 4 –The rapid melting of glaciers with the consequence being increased in the sea levels. How is this point relevant to the thesis statement? Author needs to provide sufficient evidence of this fact. Paragraph 5 –Include the fact that the last two decades of the 20th century have been the hottest in the last 400 years. Evidence must be provided and this point’s relevance included. Conclusion A reassertion that the world’s temperature is steadily rising and how the world needs to be up in arms and strive to forge a way forward. A summary of the points provided in the main body. A question or an open discussion of how the world keeps drawing lines and keeping each other at arm’s length instead of fighting together to help stop the prospect of having to deal with the after-effects of global warming.